Philanthropy, Faith, and the State: Theological, Jurisprudential, and Political Perspectives from the School of Hilla on Shia Charitable Practice

This paper examines the pivotal role of the School of Hilla (6th–8th century Hijri) in shaping Imāmi Shia charitable thought, focusing on Zakat and Khums. Set against the backdrop of Mongol rule, the school advanced crucial jurisprudential concepts, including ijtihad and the general appointment of jurists. Through the works of Al-Muhaqqiq al-Ḥillī and Al-Allāmah al-Ḥillī, the study explores how Shia scholars redefined the management of religious dues, transitioning from individual acts of charity to more institutionalized frameworks. Al-Muhaqqiq emphasized juristic authority over Khums and Zakat with a voluntary collection approach, while Al-Allāmah supported a more active clerical role. Through historical and textual analysis of primary sources, the research highlights the lasting impact of these debates on contemporary Shia charitable practices, shedding light on the evolution of religious philanthropy in Shia Islam and its relevance to modern discussions on clerical authority and state involvement.