Freedom, Justice, and Equality: the Development of Boston's Temple # 11

African American Islam deserves serious study as a unique reformist movement in Islam and as a vital development in African American religion. Temple #11’s founders were primarily musicians attracted to the Nation of Islam's mysticism, ethnic pride, and self-help programs for individual and community growth.  The 1948 to 1998 growth of Boston’s Temple #11 illustrates Elijah Muhammad's religious, cultural, and economic impact on an African-American urban community. Temple #11  catalyzed a cultural transformation in which Boston’s Negro neighborhoods became an assertive African-American community. Symbolic of this process, a  2020 plebiscite renamed Roxbury’s Dudley Square  Nubian Square, immortalizing the Dudley Square Nubian Notion business of Temple #11 pioneer Malik Abdal-Khallaq. This paper traces Temple #11's significance in Boston's Civil Rights and Black Power movements, Temple #11’s influence on the Black Theology movement, which revitalized African American Christianity, and its role in fostering the growth of Boston's Ahmadi and Orthodox Muslim communities.