Attached Paper In-person November Annual Meeting 2025

Numbers 22:22-33 reread through the lens of entangled empathy

Papers Session: Theoretically Animals
Description for Program Unit Review (maximum 1000 words)

.

Abstract for Online Program Book (maximum 150 words)

This paper revisits the book of Numbers 22:22-33 through the lens of Lori Gruen’s entangled empathy. Previous studies on the Balaam narrative have typically focused on symbolic, narrative, or theological interpretations, often overlooking its ethical implications regarding human-animal relationships. Gruen’s theory of entangled empathy, which integrates both attentive care for animals and cognitive awareness of relevant moral responsibility, provides a fresh lens to explore the animal ethics in the story of Balaam and his donkey. Through textual analysis, this paper demonstrates how the interactions between Balaam, his donkey, and the angel demonstrate the process of entangled empathy. Additionally, the study highlights how the ethical framework of entangled empathy resonates with other instances of animal concern throughout the Bible.