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Online Program Book

PLEASE NOTE: We are working on making updates and edits to finalize the program. If you are searching for something and cannot find it, please reach out to annualmeeting@aarweb.org.

The AAR's inaugural Online June Sessions of the Annual Meetings were held on June 25, 26, and 27, 2024. For program questions, please reach out to annualmeeting@aarweb.org.

This is the preliminary program for the 2024 in-person Annual Meeting, hosted with the Society for Biblical Literature in San Diego, CA - November 23-26. Pre-conference workshops and many committee meetings will be held November 22. If you have questions about the program, contact annualmeeting@aarweb.org. All times are listed in local/Pacific Time.

A22-206

Theme: Centers for Religion in Public Life: Networking and Dialogue Opportunities

Friday, 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Cobalt 500 (Fifth Level)

This workshop provides important networking and dialogue opportunity for anyone involved in leading or supporting an institute, center, or program that engages with religion in public life. This is an ongoing venue to share best practices, pool ideas, and develop collaborations. In this session, we will discuss current challenges and opportunities surrounding religion in public life and advancing public understanding of religion as well as practical and structural issues tied to centers such as funding.

A23-133

Theme: Eschatology 1

Saturday, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM

Convention Center-26A (Upper Level East)

This session centers on the traditional four last things in eschatology (death, judgment, heaven, and hell) from a Reformed perspective. It offers fresh approaches to disability, mortality, and hell, drawing on insights from Calvin, Barth, and others, and reinterpreting these in light of present demands.

  • Holy Saturday in Calvin’s Theology: Recovering a Forgotten Theme in Reformed Eschatology

    Abstract

    Given the cottage-industry of research on John Calvin, it is surprising there are no substantial studies on his interpretation of Christ’s descent into hell despite the centrality of this theme in his thought. Some emerging studies have clarified that Calvin’s interpretation was not novel given his inherited tradition. However, it has not yet been clarified that Calvin primarily interpreted the descensus in relation to eschatological themes on soul-sleep, the intermediate state, and Holy Saturday. In this paper, I survey the eschatological context of Calvin’s descensus interpretation and show how this context was decisive for Calvin’s enduring opinion and included a robust theology of Holy Saturday. This eschatological evidence contradicts a widespread misunderstanding that Calvin reduced the descensus to a metaphor for the cross, which cannot be the case, since for Calvin the descensus refers to the soul of Christ and its relation to the state of souls after physical death.

  • To Hell and Back: Christ's Descent into Hell as Interpretive Key to Current Hell-Talk

    Abstract

    The doctrine of hell represents the dark side of traditional Reformed eschatology, which many reject or ignore. Meanwhile, the language of hell is on the rise in society ("climate hell", mental health issues, wars). This paper seeks to connect traditional understandings of hell with present-day "hell talk" by a reinterpretation of Christ's descent into hell. Eastern traditions understand this as Christ's victory over death, and John Calvin interpreted it as the depth of Christ's sufferings. This paper adds the exclusion of humans by humans as third layer. In dialogue with Hannah Arendt's reflections on hell and punitive methods, this paper reinterprets hell christologically.
  • Total Mortality: Reformed Reflections on the Death of the Soul

    Abstract

    This paper puts forward the argument that, so long as it does not inhibit the preaching of eternal hope and security, it is both right and profitable to assert the death of the soul. This argument builds on two premises: (1) If total depravity, then total mortality; (2) That which does not die cannot be resurrected. If the soul is something that is corrupted by sin and something that participates in the resurrected life, then it is also a thing that dies. Toward this end, to speak of the immortality of the soul is at least misleading and bares the possibility of being altogether incorrect. By affirming the death of the soul, we can minimize body/soul dualisms and metaphysical speculations, resting instead on the proclamation of the gospel: That which was dead has been raised to life!

  • Liberation beyond Action: Witness, Disability, and Glimpses of the Eschaton

    Abstract

    In the recent turn to liberation in Christian theology, personal action and advocacy are paramount. Such action is indeed liberating for many oppressed minorities, but fails to take account of the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities, many of whom are unable to self-advocate. In this paper, by drawing on Barth’s theology of witness, I argue that the invading work of Christ through the Spirit in the life of Christians provides a means by which those with profound intellectual abilities experience the liberation of God. As they are liberated by the action of God, people with intellectual disabilities are simultaneously empowered to witness to this liberatory event, thus becoming sites of liberation themselves. As witnesses to their own liberation, people with intellectual disabilities offer glimpses of the coming kingdom of God, disrupting our tidy eschatological vision by the Kingdom appearing in the places some may least expect.

A23-139

Theme: Rethinking Religious Studies Programs

Saturday, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM

Convention Center-28D (Upper Level East)

The place of Religious Studies programs, majors, and courses feels precarious: departments and programs are being cut, enrollments are down, and the question of how to maintain thriving programs is on many of our minds. The challenges of attracting and retaining students is ever-present. We propose a lightning-round-style roundtable to focus on practical and innovative strategies that departments have used to successfully increase and retain enrollments. Our colleagues are changing department names, changing program goals, redesigning courses, and renaming classes. This is an opportunity to discuss and share strategies that have and are working in response to these challenges.
The work of figuring out how to reimagine our place in the landscape of higher education is falling on us, as scholars and professors in Religious Studies. This proposal for Teaching Tactics/Teaching Gift Exchange centers solutions and strategies for maintaining vibrant Religious Studies programs.

A23-202

Theme: Art Theology, Non-Violence, and Wisdom from Margins

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-6D (Upper Level West)

Art Theology is a method of making art to make new knowledge and understanding of theological ideas that discursive reasoning alone cannot provide.  This interactive and collaborative workshop will engage participants in making theology.  Participants will be invited to gather their own experience, knowledge, and wisdom through various materials (pastels, paints, colored pencils, markers, crayons, fabrics, and colored paper will all be supplied). We will make theology on the question: What is divine love in the margins? and/or What is non-violence?  We will then discuss the emerging ideas of art historians and cognitive scientists, which explain how Art Theology arrives at different knowledge than discursive reasoning. Art Theology is an interdisciplinary method that centers on indigenous wisdom like the Matauranga Maori of Aotearoa, New Zealand, which has always included a variety of ways of accessing knowledge, including making art.

  • Art Theology, Seeing what we Overlooked and Making New Knowledge

    Abstract

    Art Theology is a method that engages in making art in order to make new knowledge and understanding about theological ideas that discursive reasoning alone cannot provide.  Art Theology includes seeing art (with intention), but it is even more importantly about making art.  Art Theology is an interdisciplinary method grounded in the scholarship of art historians, Susanna Berger and Eyelet Evens-Ezra who have demonstrated that we have not fully understood theologians and philosophers before the 18th century because we overlooked their visual thinking.  The method is also grounded in the emerging cognitive science of The Extended Mind Theory.  Art Theology centers indigenous wisdom like matauranga Maori of Aotearoa New Zealand, that has never overlooked making in knowing.  This paper provides the research behind the workshop offered by the Arts, Literature, and Religion Unit: Art Theology, Non-Violence, and Wisdom from the Margins.

  • Workshop application: “Art Theology, Non-Violence, and Wisdom from Margins”

    Abstract

    I have explored practices of improvisation not only as spiritual practices, but as enacted and embodied theology. For example, art and improvisation can be understood through theologies of co-creating with God, of responding to God, and of understanding creation as both human and divine. I focused on musical and dance improvisation and would welcome this opportunity to delve into the visual arts as theology. My current work centers practices of deep listening in community-engaged scholarship. This work continues to attend to dynamics of improvisation in order to pay attention to “wisdom from the margins” through listening and responding, co-creating, and engaging in practices that center belonging, compassion, and attunement over extractive methods of gathering information. This work takes time, space, and slowing down, all practices offered through Art Theology that could also serve to guide academic and ethnographic work in kinder and more attuned ways.

  • Submission for Workshop: “Art Theology, Non-Violence, and Wisdom from Margins"

A23-205

Theme: Transregional Encounters in Yunnan: Connecting East Asian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian Buddhism

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-24A (Upper Level East)

Yunnan Province, located in southwest China, has long been a hub in transregional Buddhist networks. However, it has received less scholarly attention than Silk Road sites and maritime routes. This panel’s four papers demonstrate Yunnan’s significance as a place for encounters between different forms of Buddhism and Buddhists of different backgrounds, with a focus on political themes in the late imperial period (1368–1911). Each paper uses a specific case study— Xitan Temple, the Yongle Buddhist Canon, an _abhiṣeka_ ritual text, and the _Săpº kammavācā_—to foreground a different encounter zone that connects Yunnan to Tibet, the Ming (1368–1644) court, middle-period South and Southeast Asia, or Theravada Southeast Asia. The papers draw on diverse sources in various scripts to reveal different facets of Buddhist encounters in Yunnan. The panel shows the benefits of treating Yunnan as a whole, rather than separately addressing Sinitic, Tibetan, or Pali forms of Buddhism.

  • Xitan Temple on Mt. Jizu: Shared sacred space for Naxi, Tibetan, and Chinese Buddhists

    Abstract

    This study looks into how Xitan Temple 悉檀寺, located on Chicken-foot Mountain (Ch. Jizu shan 雞足山; Tib. Ri bo bya rkang), facilitated material, human, and ritual encounters between Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism. Drawing upon the Sixth Zhwa dmar Chos kyi dbang phyug’s (1584-1630) pilgrimage account, Xu Xiake’s (1587-1646) 徐霞客 travel diary, temple inscriptions, and mountain gazetteers, this paper examines the ways in which Mu Zeng 木增 (Tib. bSod nams rab brtan, 1587-1646), a Naxi Chieftain who governed the Lijiang (Tib. ‘Jang Sa tham) area in northwestern Yunnan, played a critical role in Mt. Jizu’s transformation into a sacred site by patronizing both Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism. This will shed light on the power dynamics among different ethnic groups in Yunnan, and how this influenced decisions on the religious market.

  • The Yongle Northern Canon as Bestowed on Jizu Mountain in Yunnan Province

    Abstract

    The Ming Court probably bestowed seven sets of the Yongle Northern Canon to areas in Yunnan. In one case, the Wanli Emperor (r. 1573–1619) issued a decree to present the canon to Huayan Temple on Jizu shan in the fourteenth year of Wanli (1586). His mother, Empress Dowager Li (1545–1614), issued a decree the following year that imperial court would exempt 1284 _shi_ 石of grain-tax from the local people (almost equal to 65,736 kg of rice) to bring prosperity to the country and blessings to the local people. This paper examines the Ming court’s bestowal of the Yongle Northern Canon in Yunnan to analyze the relationship between the Imperial Court and the border province in the southwest and to explore why the court disproportionately favored temples on the sacred Buddhist mountain Jizu shan. One purpose was clear: to consolidate the border region and to protect the empire.

  • Becoming the Buddha-King: Abhiṣeka and Buddhist Kingship in the Dali kingdom (937-1254)

    Abstract

    This paper nuances the dominant view that the Buddhist kingship of the Dali kingdom drew upon the Sinitic teaching of the _Humane King_. It does so by calling attention to a group of unstudied Esoteric Buddhist ritual manuals for the consecration (Sk. _abhiṣeka_; Ch. _guanding_) of the Dali rulers and by showcasing the ideal of divine rulership embodied in the final part of the ritual. I argue this section is modeled after the enthronement part of the Hindu kingship ritual _pratiṣṭhā_, through which the king reigns as an incarnation of the Buddha. Such a merging of the king and Buddha in one person was never attained in the _Humane King_ model but constitutes a parallel with the Hindu-inspired _buddharāja_ (Buddha-king) ideal in contemporaneous Southeast Asian Buddhist kingdoms. In drawing the parallel, this paper advocates repositioning Dali in a cosmopolitan world consisting of the synchronous pursuit of an Indian-inflected divine kingship.

  • A Bilingual Pali-Dai Pātimokkha from Yunnan: Language, Exegesis, and Power at the Edge of the Theravada World

    Abstract

    Bilingual Pali-vernacular versions of the Vinaya, including the core Pātimokkha rules and their ritual framework, are some of the most widespread forms of monastic exegesis in the Theravada world. These bilingual compositions, or bitexts, typically follow an interphrasal format, in which Pali words or short phrases are followed by expanded glosses in a local vernacular. As part of a broader inquiry into how bitexts shaped Buddhist translation across mainland Southeast Asia, this paper focuses on a single Pali-Dai example of the Pātimokkha from early modern Sipsongpanna (today’s Xishuangbanna Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province, China). This paper compares this text—preserved in facsimile form as part of the massive _Zhongguo beiyejing quanji_ project—with other manuscripts in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand to reveal how the translation choices made by Dai scholars—into Dai as well as into Chinese—made the Pātimokkha respond to local conceptions of scriptural authority and temporal power.

A23-211

Theme: From Tweets to Tiktoks: Reimagining Religious Influence through Women’s Social Media Use

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo C (Second Level)

This session examines women’s use of text, images, video, memes, and audio across various social media platforms and spanning four religious traditions in North America. By focusing on brujas on Instagram, Muslims on TikTok, evangelicals on Twitter, and Catholics on YouTube, the papers explore situated digital practices. How do women use media to contest dominant and hegemonic interpretations of religious texts and practices and put forth their own? How do they use humor, creativity, and referentiality to create digital content to assert authority and build community? What are some of the ways that the relationship between online and offline worlds are impacting religious experience? This papers’ session approaches these questions from a variety of perspectives to theorize some of the ways in which religious women’s use of diverse social network sites contribute to theorizing digital religion and digital archives and methods. 

  • "Why Is This Guy Preaching Again?": Rachel Held Evans and Feminist Counter-Messaging on Twitter

    Abstract

    In the 2010s, Twitter rose in popularity as a digital space for theological dialogue, debate, and grandstanding. For feminist Christians, Twitter activism was a vital form of activism with real-world consequences that was motivated by theological ideas about God’s ethical expectations. I argue that social media platforms were spaces in which evangelical women who were marginalized based on their gender and who grew up with an emphasis on evangelism could “inverse evangelize” conservative evangelicals with progressive theologies and progressive politics. By focusing on one well-known Twitter user, Rachel Held Evans, in her posts relating to two famous men, John Piper and Mark Driscoll, I examine the way that feminist women used Twitter posts to push against the logic of patriarchal theology. This paper shows how Evans, a woman who had less institutional power than either Piper or Driscoll, used Twitter to contradict their viewpoints in view of an evangelical and post-evangelical public.

  • “These are for girls only”: Experience, Authority, and the Practice of Naṣīḥa in Online Contexts

    Abstract

    When the “these are for girls only” meme went viral on TikTok in 2021, many Muslim women in North America used the meme to create content that comically addresses the commentary they receive about their Islamic practice and the boundaries they’ve established around it. This paper focuses on the concept of naṣīḥa, understood to be a discursive mode of communal regulation in accordance with constructed ideals, in digital contexts. It examines several TikTok videos in which Muslim women address their audience about who is or is not authorized to offer social commentary on their Islamic practice on the basis of shared experience. I explore these videos as sites of contestation surrounding authority, arguing that these women use their videos to counter hegemonic conceptions of who has the authority to determine proper practice. How might focusing on the concept of naṣīḥa, or social commentary, complicate scholarly understandings of top-down models of Islamic authority? This paper attempts to address this question.

  • “Taking Spirit To Market”: Brujapreneurs Make Digital Sacred Space on Instagram

    Abstract

    Over the last several years there has been a growing interest in popular culture on the modern-day witch. To contest the erasure of Afro-Indigenous spiritual perspectives, this paper looks at how digital sacredness the Instagram accounts of self-identified brujas of Afro-Caribbean descent. By creating digital sacred spaces that become the basis for their activism, the bruja’s social media presence acts against larger hegemonic structures, such as white supremacy, colonialism/imperialism, racism, and homophobia. By enabling the divine via social media the brujas are able to have a voice in the world that would seek to silence them. Their social platforms allow their voices to be easily amplified (read: go viral) in ways that did not exist before. Ultimately, this paper seeks to begin conversations on how digital media has transformed newer generations to engage with the cosmologies of Afro-Indigenous religiosity.

  • Do Nuns Just Want to Have Fun? #MediaNuns and the Millennial American Catholic Sister

    Abstract

    This paper examines the Roman Catholic sisters known as the Daughters of Saint Paul and their use of social media as part of their mission to use the media to evangelize. Through using modern forms, the Daughters of St. Paul emerge as leaders in Catholic media use. While their content challenges some stereotypes about Catholic nuns, their efforts seem primarily to serve recruitment goals, and their young millennial sisters are leading the efforts in making the nun life appear attractive to prospective future sisters that exist among their following. Through analyzing the Daughters of St. Paul’s use of Instagram, TikTok, and Youtube, this paper explores themes related to technology and religious traditions, technology and communal formation, virtual belonging, and politics and technology. Ultimately, while the Daughters of St. Paul are committed to using “new media,” they do so while preserving traditional aesthetics and messaging for the Catholic Church in America.

  • Conjuring Interiority: Womanist Reflections on Ancestor Veneration, Social Media, and a Philosophy of Aesthetics

    Abstract

    Philosophical approaches to Black aesthetics have included how Black human beings make meaning and see value in their everyday lives. The theorization of this cultural and social production has been essential to a philosophy of aesthetics, as shown through the work of Lewis R. Gordon and Paul C. Taylor. These philosophers have provided historical trajectories of Western philosophy and Black expressive culture to define blackness and racialization’s impact on how people show up in this world. Therefore, this paper seeks to come alongside Gordon and Taylor and explore the role of ancestor veneration in the project of Black value and meaning-making within technology. By drawing from womanist reflections on aesthetic interiority, I will examine the diasporic tradition of Southern Hoodoo on social media as a site for understanding how ancestors assist in the inner cultivation, transformation, and construction of individuals and communities.

A23-224

Theme: Indigenous Plant Medicine, Sacred "Psychedelic" Healing, & Restorative Reparations

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-32A (Upper Level East)

In critical studies of Indigenous medicine, sacred plants, ethnobotany, and "psychedelic" hallucinogens, this panel explores how Indigenous sacred plants and medicinal knowledge been commodified to create modern medicine (e.g. psychedelics). What have been the costs for Indigenous peoples and how have they been persecuted for medicinal plant usage? Noting sacred plants' commercialization among non-Indigenous communities, how have locals fought against this knowledge theft and resource extractions? Presentations examine the "psychedelic renaissance," allopathic medicine, psychedelic holding practices, Western exploitation of Mazatec sacred mushrooms, and how to center voices such as curandera María Sabina to interrogate possibilities for reparations of commodified Indigenous sacred medicines.

  • Honguitos at the Doctor’s: An Indigenous Perspective on the Medical Use of Psilocybin

    Abstract

    The “psychedelic renaissance” has forced questions of cosmology to the foreground in allopathic medicine. Where they would have otherwise been treated as incidental, mystical experiences have suddenly become central to treatment. While providers attempt to build effective protocols for the use of chemical agents like psilocybin, foundational medical literature continues to dismiss the Indigenous practitioners from which these agents were expropriated. This paper will look to Mixteca wisewoman Maria Sabina’s traditional practices as a standard, using a ritual-focused framework of relationality to evaluate current protocols for the allopathic use of psilocybin. By comparing traditional Indigenous and allopathic practices, I will argue that skillful engagement with cosmology is prerequisite for effective work with psilocybin. In line with recent calls to respect Indigenous traditions, I will close by suggesting serious amendment for allopathic medicine’s current mode of engagement with plant entheogens and derivatives such as psilocybin.

  • The Separation of Spirit and Wellbeing?: Core Questions and Practices for Psychedelic Healing

    Abstract

    The salient inquiry offered in the call for papers invites reflection on the constellation of psychedelic medicine/medicalization, culture, and spirituality (as differentiated from religion) and relationship among them. At the heart of this constellation is the relationship between healing and spirituality. In this paper, we will explore four forms of psychedelic holding practices: administrators/distributors, sitters, assisted psychotherapists, and curanderos. Each of these four forms require different skills, qualities of presence, spiritual partnerships and pair with different medicines. As we move forward in our collective awareness and capacity, it is not sufficient to lump all consciousness medicines under the single umbrella of “psychedelics” if we are to be clear on our intention for working with them, the setting in which they are administered, and the skill set required by the practitioner for safe and effective use—whether for spiritual growth or healing of suffering.

  • Respecting the Sacred Mushroom: The Initiation and Magico-Religious Healing Practices of María Sabina

    Abstract

    In 1957, Gordon Wasson published an article called “Seeking the Magic Mushroom” in Life magazine where he described his ecstatic experiences in a healing ceremony led by the indigenous shamaness María Sabina. In doing so, Wasson revealed the millennial secrets of the Mazatec shamanic tradition to the Western world. The article led to foreigners invading Huautla de Jiménez—a poor, small and remote town in the mountains of Oaxaca—in search of God. They disrupted the daily lives of the locals and profaned sacred mushrooms by failing to respect Mazatec customs and rituals. Later in her life, Sabina lamented introducing Wasson to her ancestral practices. This paper introduces the audience to the initiation and magico-religious healing of María Sabina to contextualize her critique of foreigners’ use of sacred mushrooms. It argues that centering Sabina’s voice provides a basis for conversations about reparations for exploitation of indigenous sacred medicines.

A23-227

Theme: Religion, Migration, and Human Rights Activism in a Time of Hardening Borders

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-33A (Upper Level East)

Presenters in this session will examine religious thought and practice in situations where borders are violently guarded, the rights of migrants (and others) often brushed aside, and democratic norms come under attack. The papers explore diverse forms of religiously-inflected activism that arise under situations of significant human rights violations. The first paper uses a Christian ethical lens to examine rights across borders when strict ideologies of sovereignty diverge from facts on the ground. The second considers how gender-based rights violations in immigration detention arise out of the context of detention itself. The third elucidates the role of religion in undocumented Filipino Americans’ activism to resist violence in the immigration enforcement system. And the fourth considers how religious actors and scholars have acted across borders to resist manipulation of historical memory, advocating for both democratic norms and the rights of migrants and the most vulnerable.

  • Double-Crossed: Rethinking Filipino American Faith after Crimmigration

    Abstract

    As many as 370,000 Filipinos live in the United States without legal status. Under the Trump presidency, their daily lives were plagued by fears of state violence in the forms of incarceration and deportation. Despite his promises, President Biden has not succeeded in changing U.S. immigration policies. Seizing on a crisis at the Southern border, nativists have continued to depict undocumented immigrants as “illegals” who are a danger to American society, even though empirical studies have consistently shown otherwise. In this paper, I examine the lived realities of undocumented Filipino Americans in order to challenge assumptions about their Christian faith and ethics. By situating their decisions historically and sociologically, I show that they are not only victims of largely-hidden legal violence, but that their communities offer important contributions to the work of nonviolent resistance.

  • Gender-based violence in immigration detention centers

    Abstract

    Based on religious scholarship of “micropractice,” I demonstrate how immigration detention work produces violence. Through examination of incidents of gender-based violence in immigration detention contexts across history–from ships moored off the California coast to modern private prisons–I show how workplace micropractices culminate into incidents of gender-based violence.  Through methods of control, surveillance, and humiliation, those involved within the immigration system learn how to treat immigrants that they encounter; if you spend every workday demeaning immigrants, what is one more personal act of degradation? I propose that in order to end gender-based violence within the immigration system, and the violence of the immigration detention system itself, we must look not just at the religious ideologies that support xenophobia, but also the ritual practices that sustain it.

  • Religion’s Influence on Memory Activism for Democracy: Korean American Diaspora Activists and the Remembrance of a Pro-democracy Uprising in South Korea

    Abstract

    This paper investigates religion’s ongoing contribution to the transmission of the memories of the May 18 Uprising, a historic South Korean pro-democracy uprising against the authoritarian Korean government, and the generation of new multi-racial activist networks in the U.S. Based on qualitative research and drawing from feminist and womanist theo-ethical frameworks on memory, I examine the role of religion in three sites of social memory: haunted bodies, political art, and religious networks. In these three sites, the Christian religion and the Korean spiritual traditions preserve the memory of the movement and regenerate its radical spirit. I argue that such a confluence of religious traditions provides fertile ground for mobilizing resources for cultivating transnational democratic (political and cultural) belonging. More broadly, my presentation invites conversation on how religion uniquely contributes to keeping memories of progressive social movements “alive” for a liberative and decolonial democracy.

  • The Border and the Wound: Rethinking Rights in Times of Toxic Westphalianism

    Abstract

    The particular intersection of the novel and the unchanged in today’s relations between borders, sovereignty, and migration—which can be called “toxic Westphalianism”—represents both a moral challenge and an opportunity to rethink rights with respect to violations of migrant rights in border spaces. In light of the history of Westphalian sovereignty, in which nonhuman considerations were excluded, theological elements were sublimated, and non-European territories were colonized, the examination of borders as systems of exclusion renders visible elements that can be brought together in challenging but promising ways. The situation demands Christian ethical attention, both as a moral concern and because of Christianity’s ambivalent historical relationship with sovereignty. Such attention facilitates rethinking rights in terms of encounters that ramify across wider social relationships. This account of rights does not occlude the universalism that typically accompanies assertions of rights so much as deploy it within specific acts of contestation or resistance.

A23-230

Theme: Liberating Spiritualities and The Power of Place: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo 204A (Second Level)

This is an author meets critic session on two new books in Latine/x religion- Liberating Spiritualities: Reimagining Faith in the Américas, by Christopher Tirres and, Touched by this Place: Theology, Community, and the Power of Place, by Benjamin Valentin. Both texts are interdisciplinary, Latine and diasporic in focus, and invoke the rich traditions of pragmatism and liberation theology as methodological sources.  In Liberating Spiritualities, Tirres offers an in-depth exploration of spirituality as a catalyst for social transformation, showcasing the insights of six distinguished twentieth-century liberation thinkers from across the Américas. In Touched by this Place, Valentín centers the reality of place, placed-based thinking, and "home" as sources for Christian theology.

  • Liberating Spiritualities: Reimagining Faith in the Américas

    Abstract

    Christopher D. Tirres will be discussing his new book, Liberating Spiritualities, reflecting on the use of spirituality as a catalyst for social transformation and showcasing the profound insights of six distinguished twentieth-century liberation thinkers from across the Américas, including: Marxist philosopher José Carlos Mariátegui, educator and philosopher Paulo Freire, constructive theologian Virgilio Elizondo, cultural and feminist theorist Gloria Anzaldúa, activist mujerista theologian and social ethicist Ada María Isasi-Díaz, and ecofeminist theologian Ivone Gebara.

  • Touched by this Place: Theology, Community, and the Power of Place

    Abstract

    Benjamín Valentín will be discussing his new book, Touched by this Place: Theology, Community, and the Power of Place. Reflecting on his own lived experience in Spanish Harlem, Valentín will discuss how his book calls for a Christian theological return to place,place-based thinking, and "home."

A23-237

Theme: Methodism before the Wesleys

Saturday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-29D (Upper Level East)

John and Charles Wesley saw the eighteenth-century Wesleyan revival as a restoration of primitive Christianity, as well as ‘true Christianity’ throughout the ages. If Methodism is viewed within the context of such continuity, there is a sense in which the Wesleys are not the sole founders of Wesleyan Methodism. This session includes scholarly analyses of where "Methodism" can be perceived in the history of Christianity before the Wesleys. Where can we see "Methodism" in the global history of the church prior to the eighteenth century, even if no direct genealogical connection can be drawn? This question can be explored in particular movements or churches, the lives, ministries, and writings of Christians, and in devotional practices. The question can be framed as an exercise in ressourcement—a return to the varied sources of Methodism—with the goal of renewal of the tradition today.

This session is linked to our unit’s session on “The Reception History of the Wesleys,” which examines how their ministries and writings have been received in the Wesleyan/Methodist traditions and beyond.

  • The Methodist Origen: The Homily on Psalm 81 as the Heart of Origen’s Theology

    Abstract

    This paper argues that Origen's Homily on Psalm 81, in which he issues a universal summons to the imitation of divine virtue through spiritual vigilance and the practice of justice, reveals a "Methodist Origen." Encountering Origen as a Methodist thinker not only broadens Wesleyan theology's awareness of its own resources in the Christian past, but also suggests a new approach to the study of Origen, one which centers not the controversial and speculative questions that have dominated European study of Origen since early modernity, but the exhortations to virtue and holiness that characterize his preaching.

  • From the Cappadocian Fathers to the Wesleys: Tracing Sanctification, Christian Perfection, and Glorification Throughout the Centuries

    Abstract

    Themes of John Wesley's Sanctification, Christian Perfection, and Glorification theology can be traced back to the fourth-century Cappadocian Fathers. Wesley wrote in his sermons that perfection, or being made perfect in love, is given by grace from God throughout sanctification. The Cappadocian Fathers argue that wholeness is reached through a life of community modeled by the economic Trinity, where people are transformed by meeting the image of God every day. Additionally, the Cappadocian Fathers' harmonious theology between God and creation after death, where a person is made whole, is also reflected in Wesley's theology of sanctification, leading to glorification when a person is completely perfected after meeting the face of God. Both theological communities saw discipleship as a journey of becoming more whole through the incarnation and imagined a moment of complete wholeness after death when they were united with God.

  • Origen’s Pattern: Radical Sexuality from Ancient Eunuchs to Eighteenth Century Methodists

    Abstract

    This paper explores the ways in which ancient Christian eunuchs were a precursor to eighteenth century Methodism. In bringing together the histories of Christian eunuchs and early Methodists, this paper seeks to highlight the sexuality that linked them. This "radical," "excessive" sexuality was readily glimpsed by the torrent of Anti-Methodists who called out such links. This paper thus argues not only for a deeper analysis of the figure of the eunuch from early Christianity to the Methodist revivals of the eighteenth century, but that Anti-Methodists are a prime and necessary source for exploring the ways in which eighteenth century Methodism was connected to the Methodisms of the past. 

  • Preaching Original Sin: Wesley and Augustine on Human Depravity

    Abstract

    This paper will place Augustine in conversation with Wesley on the topic of original sin and human depravity, not through their treatises but through their sermons. The goal of the paper is not only to assess Wesley’s agreement or lack thereof with Augustine, but to examine how these two proponents of original sin presented the doctrine in pastoral contexts: What pastoral concerns motivated their commitment to preaching on original sin? What was their goal in such preaching, beyond the promotion of orthodox belief? And to what extent can Augustine’s vision of the Christian life as represented by his sermons on original sin be seen as consistent with a type of “Wesleyanism before Wesley”?

A23-318

Theme: Violence on the Margins of Christianity: Medieval to Modern

Saturday, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Aqua 314 (Third Level)

This panel brings together three different perspectives on violence in the history of Christianity in response to the AAR Presidential call to understand violence in relation to "the hierarchical understanding of beings and valuation of their lives." Papers examine Christian and Jewish accounts of violence during the First Crusade (1096-1099); the political thought and theology of Martin Luther in response to the German Peasants’ War (1524-1525); and patterns of institutionalized violence in contemporary American Evangelicalism. Looking at narratives and structures that enforced otherness of religious identity, class, gender, and sexuality will enable a deep, comparative investigation of continuity and change in the reifying of boundaries between the centers and peripheries of the Christian world.

  • The Rhineland Massacres and Religious Violence During the First Crusade

    Abstract

    This paper will elucidate how Christendom within popular imagination, spurred on by coalescing imperial identities, created and forced violence upon minority persons, such as Jews, in the build-up to the first crusade. While we think of the crusades as acts of war within the Near East, we need to disrupt this perceived binary of Christians and Muslims. Looking at the formations of modern antisemitism is more crucial than ever. This paper will look at the Jewish sources of the Rhineland massacres to understand the reception and reaction to Christian crusading ideology outside of a pure Christian/Muslim binary and to see how Christendom interacted with new ideas of national identity to purposefully and violently create an Other. This violence will be understood through theories of narrative fracture that unveil the continued trauma, even in narrating the accounts themselves.

  • Offering "an Opportunity to Come to Terms" before Taking the Sword. Luther on Princes, Peasants, and Peace.

    Abstract

    In May 1525, Luther published a fiery pamphlet titled Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants. Luther found little understanding for rebelling against legal authorities with violent actions, especially when conducted under the name of Christ. Before encouraging rulers to take the sword to strike the rebels down, he advised them to offer the peasants an opportunity to come to terms, “even though they are not worthy of it.” This paper presents a historical arch, examining the development of Luther’s political and theological thought behind the well-known pamphlet. The paper examines the shifts in the historical context affecting Luther’s theological connotations, claiming that the idea of peace as a primary solution remains in Luther’s societal teaching while promoting the ruler’s duty to carry the sword. The paper presents changes in Luther’s biblical teaching related to the lived experiences in the 1520s in the ever-changing societal and ecclesial realms.

     

  • Celibate Gay Christians, Tradwives, and Christian Nationalists: The Discursive Regime of Mandatory Heterosexuality in Contemporary American Evangelicalism

    Abstract

    Informed by the new historiography of American evangelicalism and critical, queer, and feminist theory, this paper is a strategic intervention in the social and cultural history of the sexual politics of conservative evangelicalism in the United States. Relying on a careful analysis of a wide range of primary sources (e.g., autobiographical literature, social media posts, and church-adjacent documentation), I frame the seemingly disparate enunciative modalities of contemporary evangelical Christian intimacy as taking place within a dense cluster of related discursive regimes. Moreover, I connect these threads through their effects as examples of discursive violence.1 This cluster of discursive regimes produces new subjectivities that hinge on the violence(s) of mandatory heterosexuality, misogyny, and the normalization of patterns of institutionalized abuse and gendered violence. Case studies of “celibate Gay Christian” homonationalism, the imperial, white supremacist logics of “tradwives,” and the neo-Volkskörper of Christian Nationalism converge against the backdrop of rapidly changing coordinates of public space and place, ever increasing socio-economic precarity, and the decline of the public sphere under neoliberal capitalism. The paper includes a discussion of how these American-born cultural products are being exported elsewhere, especially to Europe.

A23-323

Theme: Moral Injury in the Context of State and Cultural Violence

Saturday, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo D (Second Level)

This session will explore the capacity and limits of the concept of moral injury to describe particular kinds of harm suffered in wartime and in situations of racist discrimination and violence.  Papers offer examinations of the language and concepts that undergird understandings of violence, guilt and morally injurious circumstances in the contexts of Anti-Asian hatred in the US during the COVID pandemic and its aftermath, the Colombian civil war, and the current US defense posture and its philosophical frameworks.

  • Anti-Asian Hate and Moral Injury: Social Healing through Reclaiming Moral Virtues, Collective Action, and Meaning Making

    Abstract

    Focusing on the testimonies and movements that emerged during the surge of anti-Asian racism and hate during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper will explore the causes and manifestations of moral injury among Asian Americans in the United States, through the lens of gendered, ageist, and xenophobic violence against individuals and communities. Reflecting on Asian Americans’ processes of reclaiming moral virtues, taking collective action, and making meaning, we will identify lessons on social healing, noting the challenges and possibilities of restorative justice approaches in processing moral injury and building communal resilience.

  • Moral Injury, Normalization of Evil, and Decolonial Theory in the analysis of perpetrators' discourse and a liberationist response

    Abstract

    This paper will examine the analysis of paramilitary perpetrators’ narratives concerning their involvement in mass crimes during the Colombian civil war, focusing on individuals who do not exhibit typical symptoms of moral injury like remorse or guilt. Through the theoretical frameworks of normalization of evil and decolonial theory, I will explore these narratives. Divided into three parts, the paper will first discuss Carlos Mauricio García Fernández's book, "No divulgar hasta que los implicados estén muertos," detailing the experiences of a former commander of the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia - AUC, whose behavior diverges from traditional perceptions of moral injury. Subsequently, I will delve into the concept of normalization of evil, juxtaposed with decolonial theory, to elucidate how assimilation to oppressive structures enabled perpetrators' involvement in heinous acts. Finally, I will explore potential ethical frameworks that liberation theology can offer to address these narratives.

  • Moral Injury, Grief, and the Violence of War

    Abstract

    Neither of the two primary ethical traditions that address U.S. military force—pacifism and just war reasoning—frame their critiques in terms of violence, instead using the category of “war.” Drawing on Judith Butler’s work on nonviolence, I suggest that increased attention to the violence of war grounds a critical perspective that centers the human beings who suffer the harms and devastation wrought by war. Butler’s nonviolence is grounded in a commitment to the equal grievability of all human beings. The testimonies of servicemembers who have suffered moral injury after participating in war demonstrate how the embodied, relational experience of grief can generate a new, human-centered critical discourse on the violence of war.

A23-418

Theme: Beyond Margins, Towards Methods: Thinking about Religion, Diaspora, and South Asia from the Caribbean

Saturday, 5:00 PM - 6:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo 204A (Second Level)

After the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, South Asians were shipped to sugar plantations across the Caribbean as indentured workers. Indentured labor—a colonial scheme of migration and labor—produced the Indo-Caribbean diaspora. In recent decades, Indo-Caribbean groups have been migrating to North America, often finding themselves on diasporic and discursive margins. How can scholars move beyond the tropes of centers and margins, and towards methods and disciplinary directions that allow us a different perspective on diasporic religions? This roundtable invites scholars to think about religion and diaspora from (Indo-)Caribbean perspectives. By raising questions about ethnographic and archival methods, and addressing inter-diasporic dynamics, positionality, and disciplinary approaches in the study of Indo-Caribbean religions, we hope to make space for a larger discussion about navigating and negotiating the geopolitical and demographic assumptions that have come to shape the study of religion in South Asia, the Caribbean, and North America.

A23-419

Theme: Making Sacred Ground: Buddhist Monuments, Pilgrimage Landscape and Sacred Waste

Saturday, 5:00 PM - 6:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Cobalt 502A (Fifth Level)

Sacred sites and religious spaces can employ material, narrative, and ritual associations to link themselves into a global network across time and space. Following this broader perspective of religious sites and devotional spaces, this panel explores different ways of making sacred ground and the making of Buddhist sites in varying cultural geographies ranging from India and Central Asia to China and Nepal. The panel organizes the four papers into nodes in the lifecycle(s) of religious shrines and objects, from the birth of a shrine, its reproduction beyond the geography of its origin, and finally, the treatment of “expired” shrine objects. While the first three papers deal with the creation of Buddhist sites for devotion, the last paper is about the Manichaean-influenced creation of repositories for the “sacred waste” generated in devotional and religious lives. 

  • Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka's classification of Buddhist shrines revisited

    Abstract

    The Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka is a frequently referenced early Pāli text that offers a categorization of Buddhist temples and their worship. It is particularly noteworthy since it enumerates three distinct categories of Buddhist sacred buildings known as cetiya (Skt.: caitya), which are supposedly approved by the Buddha himself. These three types of cetiya are as follows: sārīrika-cetiya, also known as dhatu[ka]cetiya to enshrine bodily relics; cetiya connected to an item or place worn by the Buddha, like the seat of Enlightenment beneath the bodhi tree or the tree itself (pāribhogika-cetiya); and a third “indicative,” dedicatory or commemorative kind called uddesika-cetiya. In this paper, I revisit the three types of cetiya from the Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka, suggest a new interpretation of the uddesika-cetiya category, and discuss the three types of cetiya connections with different modes of pilgrimage.

  • Exploring the Sacred Landscape: An Account of Mañjuśrī and Wutai Shan in the Vṛhat Svayambhū Purāṇa

    Abstract

    Mañjuśrī is portrayed as the founder of the Kathmandu Valley in the Svayaṃbhū Purāṇa, where he is shown playing a vital role in founding the Nepalese Buddhist tradition. The Vṛhat Svayambhū Purāṇa describes in detail the visit of Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī to Kathmandu Valley from Wutai Shan (Pañca-śīrśa parvat) with his two consorts, Varadā and Mokṣadā, and accounts of his draining of the water in the lake and the establishment of the Kathmandu Valley with many sacred places. This study will explore an account of Mañjuśrī and Wutai Shan in the Vṛhat Svayambhū Purāṇa, examining it in both the Sanskrit and Newari languages. It will trace the origins and development of the Mañjuśrī cult in Nepal and discuss the significance of Wutai Shan to this cult.

  • The Chinese Frontier of Newar Buddhism: Art and Ritual

    Abstract

    This paper describes the farthest premodern extension of Newar Buddhist traditions into China. First are influences brought by master Arniko (1245-1306) who came to China with a team of artisans in the Yuan dynasty. This gifted versatile artist became so renowned for his work in central Tibet that the Mongol rulers of China brought him to their new city, Beijing. Arniko built the "White Pagoda," a chorten at the center of the walled city. This paper will describe the evidence of Arniko’s 20-year presence in China and point to possible influences on Chinese Buddhist traditions, including other temples in Beijing, Great Wall gateways, and at the spiritual/pilgrimage center Wutai Shan. Part II will connect several of these sites to the records associated with two later Newar visitors, the monks Sahaja Śri (at Wutai Shan 1369-1374) and Śri Śariputra (1335-1426), who appear in the Chinese annals.

  • Secret waste and its storage in Manichaean manistans and Buddhist viharas of Uygur Kocho along the Silk Road in East Central Asia

    Abstract

    This study focuses on Manichaean and Buddhist archeological finds dating from the 9th-13th centuries that were discovered by German and British expeditions (1902-1916) at Kocho (Ch. Gaochang) in the Turfan region (Xinjiang province, PRC) of East Central Asia and are housed in the Asian Art Museum in Berlin, the British Museum in London, and the National Museum in New Delhi.  The examples examined derive from Ruins α and K, both of which attest an initial Manichaean and subsequent Buddhist occupancy.  Their specific find sites have traditionally been interpreted as “library rooms.”  The material evidence supplied by the physical conditions of the fragmentary manuscripts and painted textiles, however, indicates otherwise.  This study argues that the objects in question were found preserved as sacred waste in geniza-like repositories that were set up during the Manichaean phase (9th-10th century) and continued to be used during the Buddhist phase (11th-13th century) of these monastic sites.

A23-433

Theme: Diversifying Islamic Studies, from Southeast Asia's Margins

Saturday, 5:00 PM - 6:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Aqua 314 (Third Level)

Islam, as a global phenomenon, cannot be fully understood without a nuanced examination of its diverse manifestations. This roundtable seeks to shift the academic focus from the conventional narratives centred around the Middle East, inviting scholars to explore the rich tapestry of Islamic cultures, histories, and practices in Southeast Asia. In their comments, the contributors propose that Southeast Asia should be central to conversations in Islamic Studies. The highly heterogeneous landscapes of Islamic Southeast Asia, and the intricate connections of the region’s Islamic communities to the west and east, compel us to acknowledge the significance of cultural, linguistic, and religious complexity in Islam more broadly. Moreover, a focus on Islam in Southeast Asia allows us to reassess established academic paradigms on religious transmission, conversion and institutional development, which remain often dominated by implicit understandings of centers and peripheries. Offering new paradigms for Islamic Studies, the contributors hope to contribute to the removal of structural barriers that foreclose the consideration of perspectives from Islamic Southeast Asia.

A23-434

Theme: Migration, Magico-Religious Healing, and Interreligious Perspectives on Displacement

Saturday, 5:00 PM - 6:30 PM

Convention Center-6C (Upper Level West)

The first part of the session will offer the paper examining the religious experience in the October fiestas commemorating the spiritual birth (initiation) of world-famous magico-religious healer and miracle worker, el Niño Fidencio (1898-1938). It situates contemporary Fidencista religious practices in the periphery as a response to the violence inflected by political and religious centers of power. An ethnographic engagement with the primary sources will demonstrate that for Fidencio’s followers—pilgrims attending the fiestas—“imposed suffering” is transformed into “joyful suffering.” 

The second part of the session will be a roundtable discussion of the Religions, Borders, and Immigration Seminar's collaborative project exploring migration and various dimensions of forced displacement in the form of essay volume. This is the concluding year of RBI Seminar before the publication of the essay volume. Panelists include Mary Beth Yount, Michael Canaris, Anne Blankenship, Helen Boursier, Kirsteen Kim and Kristine Suna-Koro. 

  • “Joyful Suffering”: Religious Experience in the Periphery

    Abstract

    This paper examines religious experience in the October fiestas commemorating the spiritual birth (initiation) of world-famous magico-religious healer and miracle worker, el Niño Fidencio (1898-1938). It situates contemporary Fidencista religious practices in the periphery as a response to the violence inflected by political and religious centers of power. An ethnographic engagement with the primary sources will demonstrate that for Fidencio’s followers—pilgrims attending the fiestas—“imposed suffering” is transformed into “joyful suffering” precisely because Fidencio himself is regarded as a divine presence. They acknowledge the crucial ways God and Fidencio have intervened in the violent yet mundane events that constitute life in the U.S-Mexico borderlands: border-crossing, detention, and deportation. I argue, therefore, that joyful suffering is an expression of religious experience in the periphery. Overall, this paper contributes to the growing interdisciplinary dialogue on migration, religion, and state-sanctioned violence in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands.

A23-501

Theme: Simulating Religious Violence

Saturday, 8:00 PM - 10:00 PM

Convention Center-5B (Upper Level West)

Exclusive Private Screening for November Annual Meeting Registrants only

An expert crew of computer scientists and religion scholars embark on a three-year project to apply computer simulation and modeling to find solutions to worldwide humanitarian crises. Called to action by the Boston Marathon Bombing and increasing religious extremist terrorist attacks in North America and Europe, the scientists develop cutting edge technology at their headquarters in research centers in Boston and Virginia as well as at a Norwegian university. The team eventually travels to refugee camps in Lesvos, Greece to understand and simulate connections between religious extremism and the refugee crisis. They use the powerful modeling and simulation methodology to develop policy recommendations for predicting and preventing religious radicalization and violence. For more information: So Fare Films

A24-109

Theme: Gender Metaphysics in Buddhist Doctrines and Narratives

Sunday, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM

Convention Center-6F (Upper Level West)

The panel explores how to make sense of gender and sexuality that does not explain gender away but envisions gender as a crucial category in Buddhist doctrines and narratives. Coming from religious studies, philosophy and literature, scholars in this panel re-read the canon from diverse perspectives for a new imagination of gender and sexuality that can contribute to discussions on social justice for combating dominance and promoting inclusion. As such, these panelists initiate a critical-constructive reflection: critically, they provide a methodological intervention on approaches that de-gender doctrinal philosophy, dismiss differences in sentient beings’ lived experiences, and disassociate philosophy from other disciplines in Buddhist studies (e.g., literature, anthropology, and social history); and constructively, they propose to cross disciplinary boundaries in cherishing narratives as resources for re-gendering the Buddhist discourses of consciousness, body, karma, and cosmos. Together, these scholars strive to expand the shared horizons of philosophy, literature, feminism, and queer studies.

  • Trying to eat the air: Vasubandhu’s Objections to Vaibhāṣika Gender Metaphysics

    Abstract

    It is often assumed that Abhidharma Buddhists hold the same essentialist view of gender due to their shared belief in the existence of material sex indriyas that are powerful over the arising of sex characteristics and gendered behaviour. In my paper, I demonstrate based on passages in Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośabhāṣya that this is not the case. While Vasubandhu agrees with his Vaibhāṣika interlocutors that the sex indriyas are material in nature, he draws on Sautrāntika and Vijñānavādin arguments to provide several objections to the Vaibhāṣika account. He proceeds to redefine the sex indriyas and reduce the scope and nature of their causal powers, resulting in a deflationary account of sex and gender.

  • Metaphysical Realism and Queerness in Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma

    Abstract

    This discussion will explore how the metaphysical realism of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma affects their understanding of the third gender and contributes to the perception of queerness as a vitiated form of incarnation. The dualistic and hierarchical concept of gender, which is solely defined through corporeal traits that are considered in the context of metaphysical realism, influences how queerness is perceived. Within this context, gender faculties (puruṣendriya and strīndriya) are examined on an atomic level and considered to be independent of the mind. The disposition (āśaya) of queer individuals is pre-determined by their physical base (āśraya). Queer corporeality is considered to lack the steadfast will and mental sharpness that are necessary to obtain enlightenment. Exploring the role of metaphysical realism in the formation of the heteronormative and condescending attitude toward queerness within Sarvāstivāda can help us to better appreciate later Mahāyāna developments such as Yogācāra.

  • Eroding Sexism with the Yogācāra Dialectics of Gender

    Abstract

    In this presentation, I explore how we can expand contemporary gender metaphysics by drawing on Yogācāra philosophy. With a focus on the writings of Xuanzang (c. 602–664) and his disciple Kuiji (632–682), I investigate how the Yogācāra theory of consciousness-only can be read as a gendered account of non-duality that informs a critical and constructive reconceptualization of what gender/sex is. As I will argue, Yogācārins like Xuanzang and his disciples present gender/sex as an embodied performance that sentient beings can enact in different ways. While regular sentient beings have been conditioned to enact their gender/sex in an essentialist manner, they can also collaborate to re-enact their illusory gender for problematizing dominance. I refer to such a gender metaphysics as the Yogācāra dialectics of gender that does not explain gender away but rather furnishes sentient beings, especially the practitioners, a set of vocabularies in disposal for promoting social justices.

  • Gender and Sexuality in this World and the Next: Human/Non-Human Relationships in Preta Narratives

    Abstract

    This paper examines the ways that stories about semi-divine pretas operate within several tensions between Brahmanical gender norms, the patriarchal householder society, the ideals of the celibate sangha, and the everyday gendered realities of men and women. It focuses on tales in which semi-divine pretas engage in sexual relationships with human partners. Following Amy Langenberg’s suggestion that scholars employ a feminist hermeneutic that attends to alternate viewpoints of female sexuality, this paper pushes beyond a conclusion that preta narratives attempt to relegate gender transgression to the realm of the non-human by comparing the preta to female domesticity and beauty. While these narratives attempt to regulate women’s sexual capacity, the preta world itself, as a realm of distinctly unregulated female sexuality, operates in tension with the text’s own normative frameworks. As such, these tales open possibilities for a transformative space that contests the patriarchal heteronormative imperatives of the marriage economy.

A24-121

Theme: Shīʿite Esoteric Platonisms

Sunday, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM

Convention Center-6C (Upper Level West)

This panel explores the importance of Platonic and Neoplatonic thought in various thinker’s conceptions of Shīʾite thought and practice. Towards this end, the papers that make up this panel address a number of questions with regard to the nature, scope, audience, and context of Shīʾite Muslim texts who were also reading Platonic and Neoplatonic works that were translated during the Arabic translation movement that occurred in ninth-century Baghdad, Iraq from Greek into Arabic. This panel seeks to show how the translations of the Dialogues of Plato, the ontology of Plotinus, and the theurgical practices of Iamblichus and Proclus became part-and-parcel of Shīʾite mystical thought after the ninth century. The ideas in these original Greek works were also often misattributed and even heavily redacted to conform to the monotheistic worldviews of their Muslim and Christian readers. The papers in the panel examine the use of these translations in the thought of various philosophers and mystics during the Medieval period.

  • Early Esoteric Shīʾite Conceptions of the Macrocosm-Microcosm Paradigm

    Abstract

    From its early inception with the Prophet Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 661), Shīʾism has been seen as an esoteric, mystical sect within the Islamic world. This presentation examines how the Platonic and Hermetic microcosm-macrocosm paradigm is present in three early Shīʾite philosophical works. By using a close reading methodology, I examine how the Book of Foundations, attributed to the fifth Shīʾite Imām, Muḥammad al-Bāqir (d. 732), the thought of the famous alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (lat. Geber) (d. 816), and the works of the Brethren of Purity (cir. 870 – 950), I prove that Hermeticism was a real and distinct school of Islamic philosophy in their conceptions of the microcosm-macrocosm paradigm. I argue that this ancient Greek philosophical concept played an essential role in Shīʾite Muslims' conception of their relationship to the universe.

  • The Adornment of Nature is Spiritual: Soul World according to Abū Ya‘qūb al-Sijistānī (fl. 972 CE)

    Abstract

    This paper centers one theme in the Ismā‘īlī works of Abū Ya‘qūb al-Sijistānī- Soul World- to pose a question: is it both the allegory and story of individual soul to adorn the natural realm and nature itself with the spiritual (rūhānī)? Engaging in the Neoplatonist and Late Antique philosophical heritages of Sijistānī presents perspectives on Universal Soul in dialogue with Universal Intellect. The doubleness (zawjiyyah) of Intellect and Soul parallels a relationship which exists for all existents in Soul World, between the natural and the spiritual. For the individual human being, God’s creation serves as a dynamic template to obtain and receive pure knowledge (‘ilm-i mahz), and be receptive to spiritual colours (ranghā-ye rūhānī), thereby defining what constitutes Soul World, Soul’s dialogue with Intellect, and the adornment of nature as spiritual, and providing insights into the philosophical terminology Sijistānī's works employ.

  • The Pen and the Tablet as Expressions for Neoplatonic Cosmology in the Works of Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī

    Abstract

    Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī marks a significant moment in the integration of esoteric Neoplatonism into Shiʿi history. Ḥaydar Āmulī’s era also saw the emergence of lettrism as a major intellectual discourse, at times challenging Sufism and monism, representing itself as a legitimate and independent intellectual paradigm. The surge of lettrism during this period led to a renewed interest in certain quranic terms such as the pen (qalam) and the tablet (lawḥ) as vehicles for conveying lettrist concepts, which were also deeply rooted and invested in Neoplatonic cosmology. This presentation examines how Ḥaydar Āmulī employs these two imageries to shed light on the Neoplatonic process of world creation as an act of divine writing. Furthermore, by juxtaposing Sayyid Ḥaydar’s framework with that of his Sunni counterparts, it is argued that Islamic Neoplatonism offers a valuable perspective to position Shiʿi thought as an integral component of the broader trajectory of Islamic intellectual history.

  • Translating Shiʿite Philosophy: Sanāʾī’s Ḥadīqat- al-ḥaqīqah and its Shiʿite Neoplatonic Foundations

    Abstract

    The paper examines the Shiʿite epistemological and psychological foundations of Sanāʾī’s theory of sanctified authority (walāyah) and highlights the role that Sanāʾī played in bringing Shiʿite Neoplatonic philosophy and Sunni mysticism into dialogue, by means of court-patronized mystical poetry. Despite the significance of many of his works as early specimens of court-patronized mystical poetry, Sanāʾī’s poems have been studied by only a handful of scholars (e.g. J.T.P de Bruijn (1983), Franklin Lewis (1995), Nicolas Boylston (2017), Zahiremami (2021)). In this paper, I will focus on Sanāʾī’s magnum opus Ḥadīqat al-ḥaqīqah wa shari’at al-ṭarīqah (‘The Enclosed Garden of Truth and the Law of the Path’, here after Ḥadīqah). Ḥadīqah was a book of Sufi advice which Sanāʾī originally dedicated to his royal patron, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahrāmshāh (r. 1117–1157). As a result, the book has a strong political dimension and demonstrates Sanāʾī’s systematic way of connecting Islamic, particularly Shiʿite, Neoplatonic psychology and epistemology to his mystical view of walāyah and ideal kingship.

A24-125

Theme: Rites of Repudiation, Ethnographies of Consumption

Sunday, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM

Convention Center-31B (Upper Level East)

This panel brings together ethnographic studies of consumption and performative practice from diverse geographies and cultural sites. Panelists describe and analyze theologies of Krishnacore punk bands, the eco-sincerity of the Church of Stop Shopping's post-religious activism, the obfuscating effects and rites of self-making among "fair traders," and the ritualization of caste and class in temple veneration. 

  • "I'm no Consumer": The Theology of Consumption in Krishnacore

    Abstract

    Beginning in the early 1990s, a sub-genre of punk rock emerged known popularly as Krishnacore. Bands such as Shelter and 108 toured the country promoting Caitanya Vaiṣṇavism to thousands. Keeping with an established theme in punk rock, Krishnacore bands and fans announced their rejection of the consumerism of mainstream American society. However, they also explained their rejection as coming from a theological tradition rooted in the idea that "Kṛṣṇa owns everything." In lyrics and zines (homemade magazines), it was explained how one must go to the roots of the desires that drive capitalist culture in order to create real social change. In this regard, there was widespread talk of a "spiritual revolution" in which the bands and fans of Krishnacore were only one notable participant. This paper will explore the theology of consumption as expressed in Krishnacore and how it expresses the theological perspective of Caitanya Vaiṣṇavism in novel ways.

  • "The First Job of a Church is to Save Souls": Political Ecology, Performance, and the Ritual Activism of the Church of Stop Shopping

    Abstract

    Since the dawn of the new millennium, the NYC-based but internationally recognized radical performance community, Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Church, has occupied, excavated, and politically exploited the discursive space between art activism and religious community in order to advance its sophisticated anti-capitalist critique. Over time, the group has traded in its early parody of the religious character of American capitalism for a mode of “eco-sincerity” and has evolved its anti-consumerism into a broader political ecology. Today, the group centers what they call “Earth Justice” and continue to partner with activist groups and allies around issues of anti-racism, immigration justice, and queer and feminist struggle. Based in six years of in-person and digital fieldwork with the Church of Stop Shopping, this paper analyzes the group’s “post-religious” religious saving of consumer souls, a project that also directly implicates the scholar’s imaginary in a battle for the soul of society.

  • Accounting for Faith: “Fair Trade” Labelling and Marketing the Secular

    Abstract

    Focusing on religious identification and interfaith work, what stories become obfuscated by a “fair trade” label? I base my discussion on ethnographic research with Ten Thousand Villages and one of their supplying artisan group, Bunyaad, in Lahore, Pakistan. I explore some of the overlapping but divergent meanings that fair trade may carry for customers and suppliers, with an eye to the challenges of articulating the religious aspects of projects through the standardized label. While supplier groups like Bunyaad do much more than simply prevent coercion in their production chains, their additional projects become difficult to see under “fair trade,” which emphasizes a libertarian perspective on labor economics. From consumer perspective, the label promises ethically neutral transactions, free from exploitation, rather than the ethically good transactions promoted within more insider fair trade communities. Moreover, while more expansive notions of additional good are constrained, religion is entirely excluded by the framing.

  • Disenchantment and Re-enchantment: Naturalizing Caste; Sacralizing Class

    Abstract

    This paper draws upon temple-based ritual veneration of Shani, a Hindu planetary deity traditionally associated with misfortune. I argue that Shani temple ritual, while appearing to conform to the abundance-based economy of Hindu temple ritual, actually enacts a ritualization of the neoliberal market manipulations known as hedges. I show that these rituals, while couched in the language of devotional religion, are predicated on commodification, such that the exchange between devotee and the divine becomes a transaction that ensures prosperity. I suggest that the outward-directed flow of Shani temple rituals and his new association with a class of objects understood to ward off the evil eye consequently collapses boundaries between the sacred and the secular such that rituals performed in the temple sacralize class and conceal, but sustain, logics of caste hierarchy. As such, this new temple-focused veneration of Shani raises questions about Weber’s assertions about rationalization and secularization.