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Online Program Book

PLEASE NOTE: We are working on making updates and edits to finalize the program. If you are searching for something and cannot find it, please reach out to annualmeeting@aarweb.org.

The AAR's inaugural Online June Sessions of the Annual Meetings were held on June 25, 26, and 27, 2024. For program questions, please reach out to annualmeeting@aarweb.org.

This is the preliminary program for the 2024 in-person Annual Meeting, hosted with the Society for Biblical Literature in San Diego, CA - November 23-26. Pre-conference workshops and many committee meetings will be held November 22. If you have questions about the program, contact annualmeeting@aarweb.org. All times are listed in local/Pacific Time.

A24-214

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo 204A (Second Level)

A roundtable discussion using Marianne Moyaert's recent work, Christian Imaginations of the Religious Other: a History of Religionization (Wiley-Blackwell, 2024), aiming to explore its broader applications in interreligious studies, religion-racialization, and comparative theology. Moyaert's book traces the genealogy of religionization, examining how Christians historically established religious normativity and created categories of non-Christian "otherness." Addressing various processes and contexts, the work analyzes the intersections of religionization with racialization, sexualization, and ethnicization. The interdisciplinary panel will extend the discussion, evaluating religionization's significance for interreligious relations and its applicability beyond Christianity. Delving into North America's approach to religious diversity, particularly amid color-based racism and white Christian hegemony, the panelists will reflect on the interplay between religion and race. Exploring theological implications, the panel will discuss integrating religionization into interreligious dialogue and anti-racist theologies. Lastly, the pedagogical impact will be examined, discussing effective ways to teach the history of religionization in theological and interreligious settings. The interreligious and interdisciplinary panel aims to foster a comprehensive discussion, critically engaging with religionization's broader implications for understanding interreligious relations, drawing on perspectives from comparative theology, interreligious studies, and critical race studies.

A24-215

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-29B (Upper Level East)

This session focuses on tangible teaching methods, assignments, classroom activities, curriculum design that foster a feminist pedagogical approach to the Islamic Studies classroom. The presenters will share a specific pedagogical tool and discuss its application in the classroom, rather than presenting about feminist pedagogy in Islamic studies. The presentations will be followed by group discussions, emphasizing hands-on approaches, activities, and assignments that engage students in critical thinking and reflection contribute to creating an inclusive and empowering learning environment.

  • ‘Talk to your elders’: Students’ own families as the location to draw from and analyze gendered Muslim realities in the Kurdish Region of Iraq

    Abstract

    In this paper I will reflect on my experiences, lessons and insights teaching Islam & Gender at the American University of Iraq-Sulaimani and which pedagogical tools I applied to foster a feminist pedagogical approach to the Islamic Studies classroom. I will do so by reflecting on the specifics of teaching ‘Islam & Gender’ at an English speaking university in a Muslim majority context and which pedagogical tools I used.  I will specifically zoom in on the assignments I designed and the teaching methods inside the classroom to ensure that their voices and stories were at the center of their learning journey, and that the content remained culturally responsive and meaningful.

  • Inclusive and Feminist Pedagogy in Islamic Studies: Empowering Experiences.

    Abstract

    My training in Islamic theology and women’s studies has awarded me a unique opportunity to develop a pedagogical paradigm that integrates the Qur’anic notion of prophetic pedagogy with bell hooks’s concept of a “holistic and engaged pedagogy,” aimed at fostering discourse in an Islamic studies classroom. Prophetic pedagogy, as I interpret it based on Q 62:2, encompasses a pedagogical approach that informs, unforms, reforms, and transforms learning communities. In this paper, I will focus on three key pedagogical elements of my Intro to Islam class: a required assignment, a classroom activity, and a curriculum design feature. These components are guided by feminist pedagogical principles that prioritize engaging bodies and experiences alongside intellectual inquiry. Through their implementation, I advocate for a learning environment that celebrates diversity and inclusion, embraces holistic engagement, and champions justice by critically examining prevailing gender, race, and sectarian biases within Islamic scholarship, both historical and contemporary.

  • Writing Our Desire

    Abstract

    My proposal advocates for a transformative approach to Islamic Studies, emphasizing the significance of interdisciplinary methodologies, visual studies, and creative storytelling. It explores the challenges posed by epistemic colonization, urging a shift from reactionary stance to proactive action. Drawing inspiration from Audre Lorde and Helene Cixous the proposal underscores the role of language in decolonization, urging a reevaluation of power dynamics in scholarly discourse. The integration of visual studies, exemplified through a visual essay on a Bangladeshi surfer, Nasima, offers a unique perspective on subaltern voices. The proposal also delves into the meaning of religious symbol highlighting spacial and contextual variations. Emphasizing the dynamism of Islamic Studies through the visual storytelling, the proposal concludes with a call for increased engagement with visual media in Islamic Studies courses, fostering a more immersive and enriching educational experience for students. 

  • Developing Student Voice and Expertise in the Islamic Studies Classroom

    Abstract

    This presentation focuses on an op-ed assignment for a writing-intensive seminar course, "Islam, Gender, and Sexuality." The assignment has three feminist pedagogical aims: to develop and hone student voice; facilitate critical reflection around authority and expertise; and to build a collaborative writing community. The broader goal is to empower undergraduate students to develop their own voices, to deepen their persuasive skills, and to seek additional venues for the articulation of their views within and outside the university.

A24-216

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-26B (Upper Level East)

This panel consolidates three papers analyzing aspects of Japanese religions often neglected in dominant historiographies. The first paper explores premodern Buddhist didactic tales featuring impoverished women who pray to Kannon for worldly blessings and argues that these “tales of poor women” associated with Kiyomizudera shaped the development of the temple as a cultic center in Heian Japan (794–1185). The second paper examines an “occult metahistory” discourse connecting ancient Japanese and Jews and considers why such a discourse gained traction in modern Japan. Finally, the third paper highlights Billy Graham’s visit to Japan in 1956 and investigates the implications of the visit for Japanese society in the context of Cold War politics.

  • Empowered Narratives— “Tales of Poor Women” and Kiyomizudera in Premodern Japanese Kannon Setsuwa

    Abstract

    This paper explores a sub-genre of premodern Japanese Kannon setsuwa known as “tales of poor women (貧女譚).” Unlike early Chinese Guanyin miracle tales, Japanese Kannon setsuwa are notable for their explicit focus on female sexuality, as well as their frequent (and approving) depiction of female protagonists of low social standing seeking wealth and other worldly benefits. By examining how such tales of marginalized women both shaped and were shaped by Buddhist institutions in 10th and 11th century Japan, this paper will explore how gender and marginality came to be intertwined with issues of pilgrimage, karmic efficacy and even literary genre in early medieval Japan. It also demonstrates how such narratives served as a medium through which underrepresented women influenced the history of Kiyomizudera, one of the best-known Buddhist institutions of Japan’s Heian period (794-1185).

  • Kojiki, the Jews, and the Emperor - Occult Metahistory in Modern Japan

    Abstract

    This paper discusses the complex cultural and intellectual situation in the early phases of Japanese modernization by studying certain occult metahistorical tendencies that developed at the time, with special attention to interactions with similar tendencies from the West. In particular, I address a metahistorical discourse about the alleged relationships between Japan and the Jews, based on the concept of ultra-ancient history (chōkodaishi) that flourished from around 1930 to 1945 and is still partially influential today. As a window into occult metahistory, I will especially explore texts by Ogasawara Kōji (1903-1982). It appears that there existed a sort of “Dark Side” of Japanese modernization, deeply influenced by spiritualism, occultism, and theosophy imported from the West, which produced alternative discourses about Japanese identity and nationalism based on discredited Western ideas combined with creative interpretations of Japanese cultural texts.

     

  • Billy Graham's Crusades in Japan: Analyzing Non-Religious Newspaper Coverage and its Implications for U.S.-Japan Relations

    Abstract

    The evangelistic efforts of American evangelist Billy Graham in Japan were met with enthusiasm by Japanese Christians. Despite the small Christian population in Japan, Graham's crusades may have been viewed as a proxy for the U.S. in the context of the Cold War. In 1956, Graham visited Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, who was also a Christian. The significance of this meeting is particularly noteworthy within the context of the postwar U.S.-Japan alliance. This paper aims to analyze how Japan responded to Graham's crusade by examining articles about his visit to Japan from non-religious newspapers. Through this analysis, the study seeks to determine how Japanese non-religious newspapers, and by extension, Japanese society, viewed Graham and his message. This research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between U.S. diplomacy and politics in Asia, as well as the role of American evangelism during the Cold War.

A24-217

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Sapphire 411B (Fourth Level)

This joint session with the “Men, Masculinities, and Religions” unit of the AAR explores themes related to masculinity in Kierkegaard’s writings, including how depictions of masculinity vary among his pseudonyms and the authorial voices in his signed works, as well as the understanding of masculinity implied by his authorship as a whole. The papers consider the ways that Kierkegaard’s constructions of masculinity and spirituality may inform, critique, expand, or reinforce conceptions of masculinity in contemporary culture.

 

  • The Power of Silence: A Comparison Between Judge William and Kierkegaard’s View of Women

    Abstract

    Feminist readers of Søren Kierkegaard’s corpus may be all too familiar with Judge William’s troublesome view of his wife in Either/Or Part II. As readers, we may be able to find refuge in the fact that Judge William is a pseudonym whose very worldview Kierkegaard seeks to undermine, but what are readers to do when they find similar words about marriage and domesticity under Kierkegaard’s own name in For Self-Examination? In this paper, I compare Kierkegaard and his pseudonym Judge William’s view on women, their relationship to men, and the implications this has on femininity and masculinity. It is not the goal of this paper to exonerate Kierkegaard’s view of women. Rather, it is the goal to discern the similarities and differences between the two views and ‘judge for ourselves’ what wisdom, if any, we may take from Kierkegaard’s words on women and their relationship to men and masculinity.

  • Mental Health and Being a Man: Depression and Gender in "Guilty/Not Guilty"

    Abstract

    This paper will explore how disability, or more specifically depression, informs selfhood in dialogue with the individual’s relation to gender in “Guilty?/Not Guilty” from Stages on Life’s Way. This imaginary psychological construction offers a first-personal account of the narrator’s inability to fulfil his own, and society’s, expectations, describing the fact that his depressed nature prevents him from taking up the roles that befall a man—to become a husband—but also his complex relation to outward performance of gender norms through masking. Behind the stereotypical depictions of masculinity, however, lies a deeper concern: a concern with the possibility of being and making oneself understood, and of the possibilities for true connectedness and sympathy. Through a dialectics of negativity, the text offers an intricate understanding of the interplay between the inner and the outer, and the ways in which gender and selfhood are constructed through public presentation and social interaction.

  • Edifying Masculinity and Kierkegaard's Socratic Questioning

    Abstract

    This paper explores constructive possibilities in Kierkegaard for masculinity in theology. In *Sickness Unto Death,* masculine despair arises from self-assertion and remove from total devotion to a deserving object. Feminine despair comes from total devotion to the object, without genuine selfhood. Ironically, ‘feminine despair’ applies well to current conversations around toxic masculinity and how to solve it, since many are arguing for a reformed masculinity only so men will benefit others in society. Instead, the Socratic approach to masculinity would do better: asking, what masculinity is (rather than what masculinity is good for) accepts a risk that one is not manly and must find out what manliness is for oneself. This search parallels the development of selfhood into faithful reliance on God. As Kierkegaard contends, risk is the condition for faith, and faith is the condition for selfhood. I will conclude that the same applies for constructive accounts of masculinity.

  • Manners of Being: Masculinities and Despair in the Contemporary World

    Abstract

    How are we to use Kierkegaard’s 19th century views to inform a current discussion on the construction of masculinity and more specifically the normativity en-gendered therein? I will try to read the construction of masculinity as a specific form of despair. That is to say a form of willing to be oneself and of the willing to not be oneself Kierkegaard describes in the Sickness unto Death. This societal form of despair ascribes specific acts to “real” men and invalidates the existence of others. The “alpha” male seen as hyperbolic masculinity creates an exclusion of more feminine, exuberant masculinities such as the camp male (Sontag, 1963; Newton, 1979).

    However, both of these masculinities reveal themselves, within a context of theatrical ontology of social life (Goffman, 1956), as performances given to convince others of one’s adequation to a given social norm. The difference resides within the consciousness of the performance. The camp individual as conscious of his performative nature is conscious of his despair and therefore on the road to overcoming it.

A24-218

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo 202B (Second Level)

This panel examines issues of incarceration, law, and abolition from a range of perspectives. One paper advances a legal, moral, and theological argument justifying poor Black mothers’ who break the law to survive and secure quality of life for themselves and their families against unjust social conditions. Another examines religious echoes of plea bargaining in the carceral state. The third considers the role of clergy at two early twentieth-century executions. Take together, the panel asks: how does religion, especially Christianity, undergird ideas about the carceral state and the potential abolition of it?

  • “The Deck Was Stacked Against Me”: Plea Bargaining and the Imputation of Guilt in the Carceral State

    Abstract

    This paper’s primary concern is to uncover the role of religiously-inflected symbols of guilt in the plea bargain ritual’s production of criminal bodies. It argues, first, that Christian guilt symbolism is interwoven with the raced, gendered, and classed social hierarchy in America, which produces criminal typologies that influence prosecutors’ and judges’ perceptions of defendants’ guilt. Second, it claims that plea bargain rituals are a strategic point in the American carceral system in which this guilt is transferred—or to use more theological language, imputed—to the individual who confesses. The confession that lies at the heart of the plea bargain ritual functions on the one hand, as the defendant’s (often coerced) confirmation of the ‘truth’ of their criminal identities and on the other hand, as an absolution of the carceral state’s complicity in the creation and condemnation of criminal bodies.

  • “They Had All Got Religion”: Christian Clergy at Two Texas Executions, 1904 & 1924

    Abstract

    Texas hanged James Morris in 1904 and electrocuted Charles Reynolds and five others in 1924. At each execution, Christian clergy played wildly different roles. At the hanging, the preacher led the crowd in prayer and song. At the electrocutions, it's unclear what, exactly, the prison chaplain did, if anything. Between the two executions, Texas changed how and where it conducted executions. How did the changes in law and execution setting affect carceral religious practice? To answer this question, this paper will look at Texas history and capital punishment archives. It will attempt to explore the particulars of the execution days and the clergy’s role in both, with particular attention to the carceral setting, the role of the law, and race. Exploring the history of their presence is paramount to our understanding of the relationship between religion and carceral law, as well as the assurance of prisoners' religious rights. 

  • Womanist Abolition

    Abstract

    This paper advances a legal, moral, and theological argument justifying poor Black mothers’ who break the law to survive and secure quality of life for themselves and their families against unjust social conditions. A critical task is to uncover the synergistic and contentious relationship between law and morality that intersect with harmful theologies and punitive philosophies in the context of Black motherhood and the criminalization of survival. In response, I conceptualize a new paradigm called Womanist Abolition that contributes theoretical and methodological interventions pushing forward frontiers in the study of religion. Womanist Abolition consists of legal analyses, moral reappraisals, and an emancipatory theology to undermine carceral systems that limit and foreclose Black mothers’ survival practices. This study’s outcome is the organization Abolitionist Sanctuary. In the final analysis, Womanist Abolition extends an academic study to coalitions of solidarity that expand a faith-based abolitionist movement validating the divinity and dignity of Black mothers as sources of moral integrity and salvation necessary to create a more just and equitable world beyond punishment, policing, and prisons.

A24-219

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo D (Second Level)

This panel theorizes the production of Jewishness alongside gender, sexuality, and the state. The first paper traces the co-constitution of the homosexual and the Jew in pedagogical materials circulated by Christian clinical pastoral educators from 1928-1941. Pedagogical documents demonstrate a convergence of medicalized and pastoral surveillance in disciplining race, sex, and religion. The second paper maps the terrain of queer Jewish place and space-making in U.S. anti-Zionist movements. It argues that the vibrant queerness of Jewish place-making beyond Zionism attests to the power of spatial disorientation across the layers of social, political, and ecological notions of “home” that are essential to re-imagining our relationships to “place.” The final paper considers cisness and Zionism as ideologically linked, as biopolitical projects of the state directed at controlling the affective flows of gender and Judaism. This focus sheds light on the violence of enforcing strict borders and the inevitability of resistance and refusal.

  • ‘Jew of the Jews, Homosexual of the Homosexuals’ - Liberal Protestantism and the Jewish Science, 1928-1941

    Abstract

    This paper traces the co-constitution of two figures—the homosexual and the Jew—in pedagogical materials circulated by Christian clinical pastoral educators from 1928 to 1941. Historians of religion and sexuality often narrate Christians’ embrace of psychiatry as an attempt to modernize amid increasing anxieties about secularism. However, this paper reframes the incorporation of psychoanalysis into Christian practices of pastoral care as a repositioning of liberal Protestantism vis-à-vis the figure of the Jew. Pedagogical documents demonstrate a convergence of medicalized and pastoral surveillance in disciplining race, sex, and religion. Drawing on the ACPE archives, I consider the production and transference of knowledge about sex and race in clinical pastoral education settings, with special attention to Jewish psychiatric patients. I trace how the clinical pastoral educators’ stress on correcting non-normative sexuality carved out new landscapes for theologies of racial difference, grounded in developmental teleologies.

  • Queer Place-making & Jewish Anti-Zionism

    Abstract

    This paper will map the terrain of queer Jewish place and space-making in the context of U.S. anti-Zionist movements. Both Jewishness and queerness have historically been invested in the production of counter spaces. While anti-Zionist movements in the U.S. are historically rooted in liberatory and solidarity-based lesbian feminist identity politics, solidarity alone is inadequate for explaining the abundant queerness and creativity of the Jewish anti-Zionist place-making occurring today. The vibrant queerness of Jewish place-making beyond Zionism attests to the power of spatial disorientation across the layers of social, political, and ecological notions of “home” in ways that are essential to re-imagining our relationships to “place.”

  • The State of Jewish Gender: Affect and Biopolitics in Cisness and Zionism

    Abstract

    Both cisness and Zionism seem to be at a crisis point. As increasing numbers of young people come out as trans and nonbinary, those invested in normative gender are engaged in a prolonged campaign of legislative and cultural backlash; some of these same anti-trans figures promote unwavering support of the state of Israel, even as uncritical pro-Zionism wanes among younger Americans horrified by Israel’s brutal treatment of Palestinians. This paper argues that cisness and Zionism are ideologically linked, as biopolitical projects of the state. By analyzing cisness and Zionism as biopolitical projects directed at controlling the affective flows of gender and Judaism, we gain clarity about both the violence of enforcing strict borders (around territory, peoplehood, gender, and subjecthood) and also the inevitability of resistance and refusal.

A24-220

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-11B (Upper Level West)

This session explores how a growing number of Christian theologians in the Middle East have deployed liberation theology as a means of understanding their fraught political, social, and economic contexts across the region. Focusing on Egyptian, Palestinian, and Lebanese contexts, panelists address the strengths and difficulties in such theological engagement. Papers address Coptic theologies of citizenship, Palestinian theologies of martyria, emodied theologies in Lebanon, and connections between the theologies of Katie Cannon and Naim Ateek.

  • Matta al-Miskin's Spiritually-Based Patriotism: A Coptic Theology of Citizenship

    Abstract

    Episodes of systematic marginalization and outrageous acts of violence are carved in the Coptic collective memory. This has often led the political tendencies of Christian Egyptians to emerge from a profound sense of despair and alienation. For long, the Coptic mode of political existence has been characterized by the “martyr-complex” (uqdat al-shuhada) and the lingering question of destiny. Against the backdrop of these pessimistic, self-preserving, and escapist Coptic political tendencies, Abbot Matta al-Miskin (1919 – 2006), the Maqqarian monk, develops a theology of citizenship that promotes spiritually-based patriotic activism. Although his theology has been widely perceived as quietist, a more comprehensive reading of al-Miskin’s thought shows that while he vehemently renounces the political activism of the clerical hierarchy, he equally renounces the political indifference and self-isolation of the Christian citizen. According to al-Miskin, the church should stay away from politics, but she cannot tolerate being “a mother to the coward.”

  • Munib Younan's Theology of Martyria: Palestinian Christian Witness

    Abstract

    Munib A. Younan (1950–) is a Palestinian Lutheran emeritus bishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church of Jordan and Holy Land and a former president of Lutheran World Federation (LWF). Concept of martyria (witness) is a recurring theme on the work of Younan throughout his career. Martyria is a central concept in Palestinian society, especially in the framework of prolonged political conflict. Concept is also related to Christianity and Islam. Both in the approach of Younan and of contextual liberation theologies, Christian witness is based on defending suffering people. Most of Younan’s work is rooted to his aim to provide a Christian witness, whether it was congregational work, local or global ecumenism, religious dialogue, or even contextualizing Christianity to Palestinians living under occupation and tumultuous contemporary context. Younan’s theology of Martyria is a construction of martyrdom that supports Palestinian Christians in their tumultuous context and denounces violence and extremist interpretations.

  • Katie Cannon and Naim Ateek in Dialogue: A Power Analysis of U.S. Christian Engagement in Israel-Palestine

    Abstract

    This paper examines Israel-Palestine through the lens of Christian Zionism, and its critic, Palestinian Christian liberation theology. Christian Zionism exerts influence through political and economic support for Israel, affecting the lives of everyday Israelis and Palestinians. As a theology and a political movement, it holds renewed significance given increased attention on the U.S. government’s role in Israel's campaign in Gaza since October 7, 2023. This paper compares two seminal liberation theology works, Naim Ateek’s Justice, and Only Justice and Katie Geneva Cannon’s Black Womanist Ethics to understand how white, Western Christianity has influenced their communities’ lived experiences and their theologies. Both authors reclaim from hegemonic interpretation the power to understand sacred texts and the power to define moral living despite limited agency. Using Larry Rasmussen’s power analysis framework, I argue that white Christianity must interrogate its power over others as a starting point for ethical engagement in Israel-Palestine. 

  • Heaven Starts from Earth: Orthodox Welfare Practices and Embodied Theology in Lebanon

    Abstract

    This presentation investigates indigenous theological models centered on socio-political activism within the Antiochian Orthodox Church and their activation amid the multipronged crises in present-day Lebanon. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research conducted from 2019 to 2021, I trace the discursive genealogies of these models back to the twentieth-century Antiochian revival (*nahda*). I also frame their activation on the ground within the context of an Orthodox socio-medical center in Beirut. Here I investigate welfare practices shaped at the intersection of embodied theology, sectarian practices, and community services. Along sect-based and humanitarian incentives, I argue that the center’s work and identity were defined by Orthodox calls of engagement with the divine through immersion into history. Yet, the human-divine relationality shaped by these calls intersected with sect and class sensibilities, calling for a reconsideration of the relation between Orthodox theology, sectarianism, and precarious livelihoods beyond traditional divisions of sacred-secular and national-sectarian.

A24-221

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-25B (Upper Level East)

This roundtable asks two primary questions: how can we nurture greater respect, more nuanced understanding, more care-full critical thought, and deeper community engagement in teaching on Native American and Indigenous religious traditions? Secondly, how can theories and methods from Native American and Indigenous studies offer critical interventions to responsible pedagogy, making any course in religious studies more responsive to questions of social justice? We seek to shift the focus from probing Indigenous religious traditions themselves, to critically understanding the relationship between Indigenous religions, power, and justice. This involves reassessing misguided colonial attempts to categorize Indigenous religious practices and considering Indigenous contestations and engagements with these approaches. In other words, how might teaching with Native American religious traditions, rather than just about them, be an occasion for better understanding the history and formation of settler colonial societies, and for imagining and enacting more respectful relationships with Indigenous peoples, places, and knowledges?

A24-222

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-29D (Upper Level East)

The papers in this session explore both critical themes and individuals in new religions. Topics include how members of the magical order Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) build and maintained their religion in the greater Los Angeles area, a qualitative analysis of the influence of race, religion, and politics in constructing alien abduction narratives, an examination of the impact of Scott Cunningham's work on contemporary Paganism and the place of his writings within the larger framework of the occult in San Diego in the 1970s and 80s, and anlaysis of G.I. Gurdjieff’s performative ambiguity in his public self-presentations and how that has contributed to the sense of mystery surrounding his identity and motivations as a spiritual teacher. 

  • "The Cinema Crowd of Cocaine-Crazed, Sexual Lunatics, and the Swarming Maggots of Near-Ocultists": Scandal and Religion Building in Los Angeles' Ordo Templi Orientis Lodges

    Abstract

    This paper focuses on how members of the magical order Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) build and maintained their religion in the greater Los Angeles area in the wake of scandal. Focusing on the events in the late forties surrounding the Agape Lodge and Jack Parsons as well as those related to the Solar Lodge of the late sixties, this work relies on both correspondence of past leadership and field work with current members of the Star Sapphire Lodge, the OTO’s current LA home. This material reveals the creative work needed to maintain a new religious movement while accepting the scandal that is native to the city they call home and inevitable in an order intent on changing the world through magical means.

  • New Possibilities: Reconceptualizing Extraterrestrial Encounters and Alien Abduction Narratives

    Abstract

    This qualitative analysis examines the influence of race, religion, and politics in constructing alien abduction narratives. In the 1961 case of Betty and Barney Hill, I argue both the structured retelling of and shifting motifs in the narrative are inextricably linked to the developmental shift in their personal worldviews and social locations—racial, religious, and political. In addition, my research examines the influence of the Hills’ narrative on modern media and contemporary Ufology. I argue that the sensationalization and popularization by media coverage cemented the Hills’ narrative as the model structure for contemporary alien abduction narratives and mythology. Through my analysis, I will demonstrate that despite changing motifs within each retelling and their fluctuating public credibility, the subsequent literary and media adaptations have canonized the Hills’ narrative as the contemporary model for alien abduction narratives.

  • Scott Cunningham and The Growth of Solitary Eclectic Paganism

    Abstract

    Scott Cunningham, native son of San Diego is one of, if not the most, prolific contemporary Pagan writer. At the age of thirty-three when he died, he had already published thirty-three books on magic and Wicca. Although not the first to share information about Wiccan initiation and rituals, he was the first to advocate solitary practice. His books helped to usher in the growth of solitary practice and the popularity of eclectic Paganism that are prevalent today in the movement. This paper will both exam the impact of his work on contemporary Paganism and place his writings within the larger framework of the occult in San Diego in the 1970s and 80s.

  • Tricks, Half-Tricks, and Real Supernatural Phenomena: G.I. Gurdjieff’s ‘Harmonious Development’ of Mystery for American Audiences

    Abstract

    G.I. Gurdjieff, founder of the esoteric movement known as “The Fourth Way,” has long confounded his observers, pupils, and scholars of his life and work. This paper explores how Gurdjieff’s performative ambiguity in public self-presentations has contributed to the sense of mystery surrounding his identity and motivations as a spiritual teacher. To examine Gurdjieff’s performativity in the context of one of its most formative historical cases, this paper considers his often-overlooked visit to America in 1924, when he and twenty-three of his pupils arrived from France to perform “demonstrations” of sacred dances, music, and “tricks, half-tricks, and real supernatural phenomena” for audiences in New York City, Boston, and Chicago. Revisiting primary sources from the 1924 tour alongside historical studies on religion, Orientalism, popular science, and stage magic in early twentieth-century America suggests that Gurdjieff’s mysterious persona was a product of his own self-fashioning, an identity that he developed as a means of inviting skepticism and debate. This analysis suggests we may reconceive Gurdjieff’s public performativity as ritualized mystery-making, constituting a provocative invitation to engage in Fourth Way praxis.

A24-223

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Indigo H (Second Level)

Kant and Nineteenth-Century Theology

2024 marks the 300th anniversary of Immanuel Kant's birth. To commemorate this anniversary, the Nineteenth Century Theology Unit holds a panel exploring Immanuel Kant's legacy and influence on modern theology. Kant’s critique of rationalist metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics and his quest for a new foundation of "science" (Wissenschaft) had a major impact on theologians in the late 18th and especially in the long 19th century. The panel presents research on nineteenth-century academic theology, exploring the intersection between Kant's work and post-Kantian idealism and the theologies it influenced. While one paper examines Immanuel Kant's theological commitments, others explore his influence on the theologies of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Isaak Dorner, Albrecht Ritschl, and Wilhelm Herrmann.

  • From the Religion of Reason to Theology as an Autonomous ‘Wissenschaft’. Immanuel Kant and Protestant Theology in the 19th Century

    Abstract

    The paper reconstructs the reception of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy in the theologies of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Albrecht Ritschl and Wilhelm Herrmann, taking into account the modernization process in the 19th century. They used Kant’s philosophy to modernize the self-image of Protestant theology as a ‘science’. Around 1800, theologies emerged which took up the differentiation of religion in culture as an independent form. This transforms Kant’s religion of reason into the concept of the independence of religion in consciousness and determines theology as a ‘science’ that operates on the basis of the philosophy of religion. Against the backdrop of advancing cultural modernization, the special nature of the Christian religion became the focus of theology from the 1870s onwards. In these conceptions, religion is increasingly detached from the self-relationship of consciousness, and theology is understood as an autonomous Wissenschaft. This shows that in the history of the development of Protestant theology in the 19th century, it was not only the understanding of religion and theology that changed, but also the image of Kant’s philosophy that was referred to.

  • Yes, we can (speak of God): Immanuel Kant and 19th Century Theology

    Abstract

    The significance of Kant’s thinking for Christian theology is fiercely contested. In the second half of the 20thcentury, Kant was regarded mostly as a theological skeptic. The last two decades have seen the emergence of a more balanced view, especially in the Anglophone world. Some interpreters challenge Kant’s epistemological dogma, others ask unapologetically for his constructive contribution to Christian theology. This paper demonstrates that a similar hermeneutical strategy is already visible in the work of 19th-century theologians, among them Friedrich Schleiermacher and Isaak August Dorner. Since Schleiermacher’s relation to Kant has received a fair amount of recent scholarly attention, the paper will focus on Dorner. His indebtedness to German Idealism, especially Schelling, is well known, but what about his direct or indirect indebtedness to Kant, whose work, after all, lay at the root of the history of German Idealism? This will be the guiding question.

  • The Way of Consciousness: Kant and 19th Century Theology

    Abstract

    By the 1790’s there were two fundamental avenues for the reception of Kant’s critical

    philosophy. First, there was the way of Reinhold, Fichte, and Hegel, who sought complete closure

    in the derivation of a system of reason from first principles concerning consciousness and its

    possibility. The second way was that of Schleiermacher and the Romantics, who denied that such

    systematization was possible. Schleiermacher located the ground of self-consciousness in an

    immediate relation to the Absolute given to consciousness in feeling. This ground could not be

    grasped by the intellect but could only be experienced. It conditioned all knowing and willing,

    and thereby conditioned the possibility of ethics and metaphysics. This understanding of the self

    lay at the basis of the existentialism of Heidegger and Kierkegaard. It also made possible a

    philosophical and theological systematic appropriation of Luther’s radical insights. In this paper

    I will discuss how Schleiermacher’s reception of Kant’s philosophy conditioned his understanding

    of self-consciousness, and the implications of this understanding for existentialist theology

    grounded in experience and praxis.

  • Immanuel Kant, Theologian

    Abstract

    The paper argues that Kant has significant theological commitments, in relation to God and a conception of transcendence. At the same time, he is not easily regarded as a traditional Christian, because of his views about the relationship between divine action, grace, human freedom, and happiness. Kant witnesses to a perennial strand of philosophy that leans into the category of the divine at the edges of what we can say about reason and freedom. Trajectories and possibilities inherent within Kant’s philosophical theology can go in a number of directions, not all of them compatible with each other. Kant’s philosophical theology can therefore provide a resource and impetus for a wide range of theological movements in the long nineteenth century.

A24-224

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-24A (Upper Level East)

This panel foregrounds the body and corporeality in moral and ethical discussions pertinent to APIA religious individuals, communities, and beyond in order to analyze how discussions and practices related to APIA bodies, including sexual and moral purity, embodied practices, violence, bodily mobilizations, and other pertinent issues, influence and are influenced by religious contexts. Through analyses of historical events, political circumstances, and public-facing media, this panel brings together historians and theologians of Asian American religions and culture to not only identify the deeply intertwined relationship between religious ideologies and secular norms within APIA communities, but also to underscore the critical role of secular discourse and state power in shaping these dynamics.

  • Moral Borders and Immoral(ized) Crossings: The Transpacific Emergence of the ‘War on Asian Prostitutes’ in 19th-Century America and the ‘Yellow Peril’ as the Sexual Peril

    Abstract

    This paper explores the transpacific formation of the 'War on Prostitution' agenda and the fear of the yellow peril, perceived as both the sexual and moral peril, examining the confluence of gendered and religious ideologies that underpin migration-control policies. In elucidating the dynamics of what Espiritu, Lowe, and Yoneyama (2017) called 'transpacific intimacies and entanglements' in the construction and dissemination of a moral panic concerning "Asian sexual slavery," the paper delves into how constructs of morality, intricately linked with state apparatuses, have been utilized to demarcate the limits of permissible conduct for women, especially targeting individuals deemed 'immoral' by state and religious entities.The paper focuses particularly on the influence of American foreign missions in East Asia and local political and religious discourses that have further categorized and controlled women based on perceived moral failings, scrutinizing the implications these measures have had on the broader discourse of migration and moral regulation

  • “How Did I Let This Happen?”: Constructing the Body of Asian American Christianity

    Abstract

    This paper is concerned with how race and religion are taught, explicitly and implicitly, as theological concepts in American religious spaces to those identified as Asian American Christians, and how Asian American Christians, especially young adults, interpret, embody, and map these theologies onto material existences. Of specific concern and focus in this presentation are the results and ramifications of such explicit and implicit teachings in relation to experiences of hurt, manipulation, and exploitation that go unspoken or belatedly noticed. At the heart of this paper is a deep concern with violence: the violences that are or are not permitted, unto oneself or within a community, by the ontological embodiment of being an “Asian American Christian.” After analyzing and interpreting public-facing visual, audio, and literary media, this paper then envisions, and elevates the ways others are envisioning, embodied lives and practices outside of the dominant narratives of political and institutional participation.

  • Diasporic Bodies, Indigenous Land: A Decolonial Ethics of Asian Bodies in Protest

    Abstract

    This paper examines the corporeality of diasporic Asian subjects in North America engaging in acts of public protest in solidarity with local or transnational groups experiencing displacement and colonial seizure of land. Examples of these range from NYC’s Chinatown protests against local gentrification to Asian-American and Asian Canadian protests in solidarity with Palestine against war and displacement. I first consider these protesting Asian bodies function as a counter-image to stereotypical conceptions of Asian bodies as invisible, apolitical, or subservient. Then, I draw from decolonial theology and decolonial theory to argue that these diasporic Asian embodiments serve as a site of decolonial ethical construction that bridges the theoretical chasms between diaspora theory and decolonial/Indigenous studies’ views of the relationship between body and land. A new ethics of diaspora-decolonial solidarity emerges in diasporic Asian bodies that serve as sites of protests against displacement.

A24-225

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-32A (Upper Level East)

From the early days of the Pentecostal movement, women played a significant role in establishing the faith as well as spreading the gospel.  But in many ways, the movement could be patriarchal, and women have had to make choices in how they conducted their lives.  This panel looks at the way women have navigated and continue to navigate these complexities in various regions around the world and at times when they have often been marginalized along racial and ethnic lines as well. It also examines the ways that families have been shaped by their involvement in Pentecostalism.

  • Violence, Nonviolence, and Marginality: Exploring the Non-Violent Leadership of Pentecostal Matriarch Lady Elsie Louise Washington Mason in the Civil Rights Movement

    Abstract

    Drawing on historical documents, archival materials and literature, this study will explore the pivotal role played by Lady Elsie Louise Washington Mason. Mason's work uniquely as a Pentecostal black woman alongside her husband, C. H. Mason, founder of Church of God In Christ (COGIC), advocated for social justice and racial equality during a tumultuous period in American History. A critical analysis of Mason’s contributions will highlight the often-overlooked intersection of Pentecostalism, feminism, and nonviolent activism along through sharing her biography. This will serve as an example to elicit the need for more marginalized stories of Pentecostal women to be written. The lessons from her struggles, and grit as a marginalized Spirit-empowered woman can be applied in the ongoing struggle for equality. Her exemplary life and work reveals the ongoing tensions of the intersections of race and gender and the ever evolving need to implement change within Pentecostal denominations. 

  • Silenced and Excluded: Mother Tate, Black Female Bishops, and the Production of Pentecostal History

    Abstract

    The history of American Pentecostalism, particularly within Black Holiness-Pentecostal denominations, is often narrated through the lens of the 1906 Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles. While this event is significant it is but a partial historical narrative. Pioneering women, often overlooked, played vital roles in laying spiritual, logistical, and communal foundations for Pentecostalism's proliferation. This paper expands scholarly treatments by examining the contributions of Mother Mary L. Tate, the first African-American woman bishop, whose story challenges patriarchal norms within religious historiography. Despite her groundbreaking episcopal leadership, Tate's narrative is marginalized, highlighting the need for a reevaluation of entrenched gendered power dynamics in religious history. Drawing on Keri Day and Michel-Rolph Trouillot's work, our inquiry aims to unveil the silenced past and illuminate Tate's significant contributions to the Holiness-Pentecostal Movement.

  • Agency as Projects and Power in a Pentecostal Colombian Family

    Abstract

    This paper investigates the disrupted expectation within Pentecostal Colombian families that their children inherit and reproduce their Pentecostal religious practices and beliefs. Using Sherry Ortner’s theory of moral agency and in-depth interviews as ethnographical tool, the paper explores the evident intergenerational change in function, understanding, significance, and practices of Pentecostal traditions between pre-millennial generations (grandparents and parents) and post-2000 generation (Gen Z) and the conflict-tensions that such changes produce in a Colombian family. The results focus on the factors that influenced Gen-Zs to re-interpret or abandon the core worldviews of Pentecostalism, factors such as 1. the formation of personal identities in the information/technology era, 2. unfulfilled expectations when participating in Pentecostal churches and 3. drastic changes in the meaning of Pentecostal theologies and practices amid the Colombian context. The paper concludes that Pentecostal traditions might serve as a source of both agency and constraint according to the functions assigned by each generation.

  • Clash of Cultures: Re-emerging of Women Leadership Roles in the Religious Context in the Philippines

    Abstract

    This paper presents a description of the pre-colonial view of women in leadership particularly in the religious context and traces how Western biases impinged upon Filipino religiosity that discriminates women in relation to their religious roles. Also, this paper explains how and why the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement was instrumental to the re-emerging of women leadership in the religious context: first, the understanding and experience of the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement on the empowering of the Holy Spirit to both men and women; second, the compatibility of the Pentecostal and Charismatic view on women and the Filipino religious consciousness; and third, the acknowledgement of the significant contribution of women ministers/leaders in the growth of Pentecostal and Charismatic movement in the Philippines as history informs us.

     

A24-226

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-30A (Upper Level East)

There is a growing recognition that most religious communities do not write out explicit doctrines, they do not ask their members to publicly recite a confession of faith, and they do not police orthodoxy. To describe a religion as “a set of beliefs” is therefore misleading. Perhaps some religions consist of cultic practices without belief; perhaps the category of belief can be dropped altogether. Jacob Mackey’s Belief and Cult addresses exactly this question. With an eye to the theoretical question about the role of belief in religions in general, Mackey draws on cognitive science to argue that one cannot understand practice-centered religions like ancient Roman cults without the category of belief. This panel responds to Mackey’s defense of belief from four perspectives: the practice turn in social theory, pragmatist philosophy, the Ontological Turn in anthropology, and philosophy of mind and cognitive neurosciences.

  • Philosophy of Religion and the Practice Turn

    Abstract

    The academic study of religion and social theory in general are in the midst of what has been called “the practice turn,” that is, a shift of focus in theorizing human behavior that treats embodied social practices as the matrix from which all meaning and subjectivity grow. My aim is to argue that the practice turn is best served by a philosophy of mind that avoids dualism but nevertheless retains the category of beliefs, understanding them as conditioned by and emergent from the actions of material entities. In this paper, I use the defense of the category of belief in Jacob Mackey’s Belief and Cult -- and in particular, the “dual process” or “dual system” distinction he uses between two types of belief, one non-reflective or spontaneous, the other reflective or deliberate -- to make this case. 

  • Religious Belief and Embodied Action

    Abstract

    In Belief and Cult (Princeton UP, 2002), Jacob Mackey provides a wide-ranging, interdisciplinarily grounded defense of the category of belief in general and a robust representational and intentional version of the notion in particular. In my contribution to this panel, I examine Mackey’s treatment of the notion of belief, primarily in Part I of the book, mainly as it engages in contemporary debates and live issues in the philosophy of mind and cognitive neurosciences. In particular, I examine the import of theories of belief coming from contemporary philosophy of mind that seek to downplay belief’s more strictly representational aspects and ground it more directly in action, habit, and experience, perhaps the dissolving the very foundational dichotomy between “belief” and “practice/ritual” that has come to organize the study of Roman religion and its presumed contrast with Christianity as Mackey tells it.

  • Pragmatism, Critical Realism, and the Study of Religious Belief

    Abstract

    Mackey (2022) argues for a theory of religion that incorporates a concept of belief as an “Intentional state,” and as a condition of possibility for religious emotion, practice, and collective action. I connect his thesis to insights from pragmatism and critical realism, traditions which have been gaining attention in social theory but are absent from Mackey’s discussion and could help advance religion scholarship that recognizes practice and belief go hand-in-hand. Specifically, I discuss what Mackey’s project might gain from engaging with Peircean theories that entail the reality of belief and of intersubjective knowledge, as well as critical realist metatheory, to which Mackey’s project already bears a resemblance.

  • Belief and the Ontological Turn

    Abstract

    My paper places Jacob Mackey’s argument about belief in conversation with anthropologists of the Ontological Turn like Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Martin Holbraad, and Peter Skafish who problematize the way that ethnocentrism persists in the form of tacit positivisms in the study of human difference. These anthropologists have advanced a methodological “perspectivism” which problematizes precisely the language of “representation,” “perspective,” and even “world” and “its object” upon which Mackey relies to defend “belief” as a universal form of cognition. As a means of reform, these anthropologists suggest replacing talk of multiple views with talk of multiple worlds. I will show how Mackey’s work can be in constructive conversation with the Ontological Turn, particularly in the context of the latter’s challenge to a representationalist account of belief and the “worldview” model of difference it underwrites.

A24-227

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Aqua 310B (Third Level)

In this roundtable, panelists will constructively, critically, and creatively engage Hanna Reichel’s After Method: Queer Grace, Conceptual Design, and the Possibility of Theology (Westminster John Knox Press, 2023). In After Method, Reichel rejects, on theological grounds, the possibility of doing theology right—of theology adequately justifying itself. Putting constructive theology (via Marcella Althaus-Reid), in conversation with systematic theology (via Karl Barth), Reichel argues that theological method, nevertheless, has use, and considers how we might do theology better. Reichel proposes an understanding of theological work as conceptual design, and offers an approach to theology as one of cruising outside the gates.

  • After Doubt: Toward the possibilities of doubt as a theological method for "after method" times.

    Abstract

    This paper theorizes doubt as a type of disruption to theological meaning and examines whether it may be harnessed as a theological method in pursuit of a “better” theology. To do so, it reads doubt through the lens of Hanna Reichel’s proposal for an “after method” theological approach, holding in tension insights from systematic and constructive theologies while resisting the urge to synthesize them. Drawing on several interlocutors—including Karl Barth and Marcella Althaus-Reid, whom Reichel deploys in their own project—this paper will position doubt in two main ways: as a tool that contributes to (and benefits from) Reichel’s model of theology as conceptual design, and as a means for queering theological method by subverting expectations that method must be simultaneously stable and absolute. Ultimately, this paper draws upon Reichel’s project to ask whether doubt may contribute to better models of theology without necessary lionizing doubt as a virtue.

  • Distributed normativity in theology

    Abstract

    Empirical research has traditionally been absent in and is still a foreigner to systematic theology. Yet, the turn towards practices in studies of religion and theology implies that empirical research methodologies cannot be deemed irrelevant to systematic theology. This paper explores Hanna Reichel’s theory of theology as design, focusing on how she understands theology as practice and possible implications for the relevance of empirical methods to systematic theology. Bringing Reichel’s concept of theology as practice into dialogue with Geir Afdal’s concept of distributed normativity, the paper makes the case that the question of the affordances of a doctrine is not only an imperative theological question but also an empirical question opting for empirical research methods.

  • ‘After Method,’ Then What? (Re)thinking the Task of Black Queer Theology in Dialogue with Hanna Reichel
  • Before Method and After Virtue

A24-228

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Cobalt 502A (Fifth Level)

In Black, Quare, and Then to Where, Jennifer Leath explores the relationship between Afrodiasporic theories of justice and Black sexual ethics through a womanist engagement with Maât the ancient Egyptian deity of justice and truth. Brandon Thomas Crowley’s Queering Black Churches explores Black open and affirming (ONA) congregations and their congregants and, in doing so, offers a critique of Black heteronormativity as well as a contextual approach to Queering African American churches. This panel invites Leath and Crowley to engage in discussion around their new books focusing on themes of black queer religious subjectivity, black sexual ethics, queer and quare critique, and the intersections of history, ethics, ethnography, and theology in the contemporary study of black religion and sexuality.

A24-229

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-6D (Upper Level West)

This roundtable panel is inspired by the late work of Rebert Bellah, especially through engaging with the new edited volume Challenging Modernity (Columbia UP, 2024), in which social theorists and scholars of religion debate the question of religion in modernity, which has been central to Bellah’s work. The theme of the panel is the seeming contradictions between the transcendent aspirations of religion and the social and political perils we now face in the global 21st century. How to deal with the tension between the transcendental, universalizing ambitions of democracy and the restricting exigences of time, place, and function? What does transcendence mean when it is nurtured by for-profit capitalism? What is the relationship between political, religious, economic, and intellectual classes in the global Muslim communities? The panel includes two original members of the “Habits of the Heart” group as well as three leading sociologists of religion.

A24-230

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-30E (Upper Level East)

Horror as a genre has a history of being a space in which social issues or conflicts can be explored. It, like Greek and Roman theater, can become a space of social catharsis that is safe and acceptable to process elements that are challenging in the community. Our session looks at three global horror films or directors which are using this genre of film to explore questions and challenges within their social community space. The papers consider the work of indigenous filmmaker Jeff Barnaby (Rhymes for Young Ghouls and Blood Quantum), Austrian filmmakers Veronika Franz and Severin Fiala known for their film Goodnight, Mommy (Ich seh, Ich seh) and the new Oscar-winning Godzilla movie, Godzilla Minus One.

  • The Complex Transgressions of Jeff Barnaby’s Indigenous Horror

    Abstract

    In an essay on horror films, Stephen Prince uses classic theories of taboo from Mary Douglas and Edmund Leach to argue that what is presented as truly horrific is the breakdown of systems of order. Violence is typically perpetuated by outside, inhuman agents of chaos, suggesting that boundaries are sacred and the status quo must be maintained. Not surprisingly, horror films by marginalized creators often see things differently. The works of acclaimed Mi’kmaq filmmaker Jeff Barnaby, for example, present evil as entrenched in colonial society. But this evil is also complicated, a perspective reflected in his film’s ambivalent portrayal of boundaries, and of chaos. In this presentation, I will use theories of taboos to examine the varied boundary crossings in Barnaby’s two features, Rhymes for Young Ghouls and Blood Quantum, to understand what these films have to say about evil, and what it means to be human.

  • The Unholy Family in the Horror Films of Veronika Franz and Severin Fiala

    Abstract

    This paper discusses three films by Austrian directors duo Veronika Franz and Severin Fiala. It analyzes how the films *Ich seh, Ich seh* (AT 2014), *Die Trud* (AT 2018) and *The Lodge* (US/UK 2019), all of which feature horror elements, portray the family and incorporate religious symbols and narratives to tell their story. The focus is on how religious references are staged, adapted and changed, as well as the way in wich the family and generational or gender roles are portrayed. The study aims to contribute to research into the question of how media convey norms and values in relation to religion and family in contemporary horror films. The analysis is centered on the meaning-making processes that arise in the interrelationship between horror films and religious symbol systems. Methodologically, it is based on cultural studies approaches to the study of religion as well as on methods of film analysis.

  • "That monster will never forgive us": Trauma, Grief, and the Continuous Haunting of Post-War Japan in Godzilla Minus One

    Abstract

    Since its release, the film Godzilla Minus One (2023) has received much critical acclaim for its screenplay, visual effects, performances, musical score, and notably, social commentary. The impact of this film can arguably be attributed to the powerful and complex portrayal of the Japan’s post-World War II trauma and the national guilt that riddles their society. In this paper, I make the case that Godzilla Minus One successfully encapsulates the “grief horror” subgenre and denies the audience the cathartic release from the horrors that they’ve experienced. By invoking Derrida’s idea of hauntology, I argue that Godzilla functions as a specter of World War II that continues to haunt Japan and its people that can never be completely exorcised. Ultimately, the persistent return of Godzilla provides an accurate reflection of Japanese sentiments regarding the aftermath of the atomic bomb and the inescapable trauma that continuously pervades their nation.

A24-231

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Hilton Bayfront-Cobalt 500 (Fifth Level)

This papers session investigates the complexities of digital/simulated fieldwork and the interplay that emerges between individuals, groups, and system mechanics. Through ethnography we learn of emigrant Iranian computer scientists in the United States specializing in the “debiasing” of AI systems; Chinese Buddhist diaspora communities based in French Canada experiencing digital migration since the outset of COVID-19; U.S. researchers and educators utilizing virtual reality headsets for open-ended interviews and pedagogy; recruitment of virtual/automated followers in cult-building tabletop and video game play; and various Satanic conspiracy theorist communities united through social media. This session (which includes a respondent) provides profound phenomenological implications to our techno-virtual-being-in-the world, at times resisting the orderliness of algorithms and numbers with care and concern reserved for residual emotional states, finding authenticity in digitality, all the while further complicating the methodology of observing simulating worlds and actions as ethnography.

  • Code and Creed: Bias, AI, and the Problem of Islam in Secular Ethics

    Abstract

    This paper examines the lives and work of a group of emigrant Iranian computer scientists in the US specializing in the “debiasing” of AI systems. Focusing on the concept of "bias," as entangled with both their professional and personal lives, I argue that amidst their debiasing efforts, the line between Islamic and anti-Islamic bias often becomes blurred. Through my ethnographic encounter, I explore the relationship between "bias" in the language of numbers and bias as felt by the subject. In the former, bias can supposedly be articulated, quantified, and mitigated. In the latter, bias manifests as an emotional residue, resistsing the orderliness of algorithms and numbers, with deep roots in a complex interplay of history, memory, and emotion. In exploring this terrain, I address the complexities within the concept of bias in relation to Islam at the intersection of AI and the broader liberal project of debiasing citizens at large. 

     

     

  • Using Buddhist Skillful Means(Upaya) in Digital Ethnography: Researcher’s Reflexivity, Positionality, and Voice in the Study of Chinese Digital Sanghas in French Canada

    Abstract

    In this article, I examine how I utilize a collection of "skillful means” informed by Buddhism, namely a collection of practices encompassing reflexive choices and decisions, positioning, and creativities that are situationally tailored for and derived from interacting with Chinese Buddhist diasporas in French Canada in the context of digital social media throughout my digital fieldwork. I use ethnographic vignettes to illustrate how these practices, afforded by the Buddhist ideas, digital possibilities, and ethnographic reflexivity, are crucial to constantly navigate, negotiate, and devise new strategies for pinpointing digital field sites and conducting participant observation. More importantly, I highlight the digital affordances one could leverage as both a researcher and a practitioner to actively build visibility and voices in the researched digital communities. I further reflect on how these dynamics can uniquely affect the researched individuals and communities. Finally, I point out the caveats and pitfalls this approach can bring.

  • Virtual Solicitude: An Existential Ethnography of Being-with in Video Game Worlds

    Abstract

    While much phenomenological work has been undertaken concerning questions of techno-virtual-being-in-the world, very little ethnographic work has applied a Heideggerian hermeneutic to the question of virtual “solicitude,” or the type of “Dasein-with [that] remains existentially constitutive for Being-in-the-world [and] must be Interpreted in terms of the phenomenon of care; for as ‘care’ the Being of Dasein in general is to be defined” (Being and Time, 1927). The literature concerned with Heideggerian accounts of virtual inhabitation and video game play have either failed to recognize the constitutive nature of Being-with, a type of sociality, to Being-in-the-world or have foreclosed the possibility of fostering authentic social relationships within virtual worlds by virtue of virtual technology use itself. The present work seeks to rectify this prior dearth in the literature by countering these latter claims of socio-existential inauthenticity in technologically mediated virtual worlds by way of an existential ethnography of video game play.

  • Cultish Gameplay and Mechanics in the Games Cult of the Lamb and CULTivate

    Abstract

    This paper provides a comparative analysis of the board game CULTivate and the video game Cult of the Lamb. In it, I focus on their gameplay and mechanics (e.g., the actions a player may take) to decode how these games have implicit theories of what cults are and how cults work. It situates these games and their implicit theories within recent debates on the rhetoric of cults and their representation in popular media. This paper concludes with suggestions about research at the intersection of Religious Studies and Game Studies with a focus on the design and experience of game mechanics.

  • The Satanic "cult" conspiracy theory and its followers: the digital rebranding of a medieval myth

    Abstract

    The Satanic Cult conspiracy theory alleges that Satan-worshipping cults exist and threaten society. It has underpinned multiple witch hunts and moral panics from the early Middle Ages to the 1980s ‘Satanic Panic’. Today its narratives have appeared again, popularised by seemingly united communities of conspiracy theorists across social media. This paper analyses the role of social media in legitimising contemporary Satanic cult conspiracy theories, and the relationship between its 'followers' and those that they demonise. It emphasises both how its theorists weaponise ‘Satanic cult’ accusations against others, but also – paradoxically - how they have themselves also attracted ‘the cult label’. This paper ultimately questions the extent to which we can determine whether online conspiracism today can be considered a form of  ‘new religion’, or even ‘belief’ at all, and whether or not it really matters.

A24-232

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-25A (Upper Level East)

The recent publication of The Oxford Handbook of Tantric Studies represents the culmination of decades of scholarly interactions and conference participation involving the Tantric Studies units of the AAR, the Society for Tantric Studies, and other organizations. This roundtable will discuss a range of issues concerning the development and fruition of the volume: addressing some of the obstacles to the study of tantra; facilitating scholarly discourse; addressing the problems of category, definition, and origins; and facilitating collaboration between scholars working on different forms of tantra. Instead of employing sectarian, regional, or disciplinary categories, the volume was organized topically. Rather than viewing tantra as a subset of Śaiva, Śākta, Vaiṣṇava, Jain, or Buddhist traditions, the essays demonstrate how tantra can be studied in terms of action, transformation, gender, cosmogony, power, extraordinary beings, art and architecture, language and sound, social dimensions, and history. Participants include the co-editors, editorial assistants, and contributors.

A24-233

Sunday, 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM

Convention Center-31B (Upper Level East)

This omnibus includes five individual papers with a dual focus on women in Tibetan Buddhism and the early history of the Great Perfection (Dzogchen) tradition.

  • Terror in Namthar: Reframing Violence in the *Lives* of Tibetan Buddhist Women

    Abstract

    This paper argues for sustained critical attention to the instances of violence that pervade the life stories of exemplary Tibetan Buddhist women. In doing so, it challenges frameworks that interpret scenes of cruelty, abuse, and assault primarily in ways delimited by the spiritual progress achieved *in spite of* them. The hagiography of Yeshé Tsogyal (fl. 8th century) serves as a case study, both for illuminating what scholars talk about when they talk about violence in eminent female practitioners' *lives* and for rethinking analytical approaches to violent stories about accomplished women. The goal of this approach is to better equip scholars to evaluate the role of enlightenment narratives in normalizing gender-based forms of suffering and oppression.

  • From the Medium to the Agent: Authority and Agency in Khandro Dechen Wangmo’s Prophetic Text

    Abstract

    Through reading and translating "Prophecies and Pure Perceptions" (ལུང་བསྟན་དང་ཉམས་མྱོང་དག་སྣང་།), found in vol. 149 of the Bon Katen spanning 52 pages, by Khandro Dechen Wangmo (1868-1935?), a female Bonpo treasure revealer from Kham Nyarong, located in the current Ganzi prefecture of Sichuan Province, China, I analyze the functions of this text and the ways in which she claims authority and agency through specific literary strategies. These strategies include the juxtaposition between the Dakinis' immediate recognition of her and Khandro Dechen Wangmo's "feigned ignorance," which allows her to claim a certain authority, along with her transition from being a medium receiving prophecy from various dakinis and siddhis to the agent who gives prophecy to others. This paper also discusses writing prophecy in the face of violence committed by political and social upheaval at the time to cope with and process the misfortunes that change has brought.

  • Gender and Resource Allocation: Monastic Education and Patronage in Drikung Kagyu Communities

    Abstract

    This paper offers preliminary reflections on a larger study, in which I seek to outline the roles of education and gender in determining whether and how patronage patterns have shifted with the rise of nuns’ education in recent decades. The larger project addresses relationships among monastics, and between monastics and laity, in the Drikung Kagyu communities found across the Himalayas. This paper describes research outcomes from initial phases of ethnographic fieldwork and data gathering in Drikung monasteries and nunneries in Ladakh and Uttarakhand, It describes the ways in which this author’s presuppositions about lay patronage were reinforced, as well as some unexpected results, while attending to the necessary consideration of how research positionality can influence one’s findings. I focus on who (and who is not) choosing to join Drikung monastic communities, and details of the internal and external pressures that are changing the face of Drikung monasticism in the 21st century.

  • The Methodology and Ethics of Writing Histories of Visionary Traditions: The Great Perfection in Tibet

    Abstract

    The Seminal Heart (snying thig) tradition of the Great Perfection (rdzogs chen) begins with eleventh century Tibetan revelations, becomes dominant by the fourteenth, and has continued as such into the present. The difference in narrative, philosophy, and practice between these origins and contemporary realities is extraordinary, though the tradition stressed continuity throughout with the original scriptural sources. These striking transformations are not significantly acknowledged by Tibetan authors, apart from scattered references to discontinued practices, lost texts, and attenuated transmissions; there is even less attempt to explain or theorize these vast differences.  I will offer a history and theorization of these changes  to make sense of the drivers and significance of these patterns of profound continuity and discontinuity. In addition to detailing my methodology, I will reflect on the ethics and social conundrums of writing a history of a visionary tradition that is in deep tension with its own modern narratives.

  • “Unveiling the Evolution and Ethical Dimensions of the Early Dzogchen Nyingthig Tradition: A Critical Analysis of Influential Texts and Methodological Challenges”

    Abstract

    This paper delves into the ethical and methodological dimensions of reconstructing the early Dzogchen Nyingthig tradition, from the 11th to 14th centuries, focusing on influential texts and methodological challenges. The investigation centers on key texts like the Eleven Words and Meanings, authored by Nyi ma ʼbum. Such texts serve as vital cornerstones for understanding the evolution of Nyingthig within Tibetan Buddhism. Subsequent texts, attributed to legendary masters like Vimalamitra and Padmasambhava, underscore the dynamic nature of Dzogchen teachings and the continual evolution of the tradition. It emphasizes the significance of Nyima bum's teachings as a roadmap for understanding later texts. This paper addresses the challenges of interpreting ancient texts, emphasizing the need for a critical approach. Engaging with contemporary Dzogchen communities and practitioners enriches scholarship, fostering a nuanced understanding of this ancient tradition. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the Dzogchen tradition, honoring its richness within Tibetan Buddhism.